Ley de Faraday-Lenz<\/title>\r\n<style>\r\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Sans:wght@300;400;500;600;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@400;500;600&display=swap');\r\n:root{--bg:#f0ede7;--fg:#2c3e50;--muted:#7f8c8d;--accent:#0d7377;--card:#fff;--border:#d0cbc3}\r\n*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}\r\nbody{font-family:'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;background:var(--bg);color:var(--fg);min-height:100vh;overflow-x:hidden}\r\n.hd{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:.5rem 1rem;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0d7377,#095456);color:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.15)}\r\n.hd h1{font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:700}.hd .s{font-size:.68rem;opacity:.7;margin-left:.6rem}\r\n.hl{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.4rem}\r\n.bt{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.3rem;padding:.35rem .7rem;border-radius:5px;font:500 .76rem 'IBM Plex Sans',sans-serif;border:1.5px solid 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Faraday-Lenz<\/h1>\r\n <span class=\"s\">Induccion Electromagnetica \u2014 FISICA 2<\/span> \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/fisica2.fica.unsl.edu.ar\/index.php\/FISAR_SIM\/\" target=\"_blank\"> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\" https:\/\/fisica2.fica.unsl.edu.ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/FISAR_SIM_1-300x142-1.png \" alt=\"FISAR Sim\" style=\"height:36px; width:auto; display:block;\"> <\/a>\r\n \r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n <button class=\"bt ba\" id=\"btnP\">Modo Practica<\/button>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<main class=\"mn\">\r\n<section class=\"sg\">\r\n<div class=\"cw\" id=\"cvW\"><canvas id=\"mCv\"><\/canvas><div class=\"dh\" id=\"hint\">Arrastra el iman<\/div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ip\">\r\n<div class=\"ib\"><div class=\"il\">Galvanometro<\/div><canvas id=\"gCv\"><\/canvas><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ib db\"><div class=\"il\">FEM Inducida<\/div><div class=\"dv\" id=\"eD\">+0.000 mV<\/div><div class=\"ds\"><span>Φ: <span id=\"fD\">0.000<\/span> mWb<\/span><span>I: <span id=\"cD\">0.00<\/span> mA<\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ib\"><div class=\"il\">Grafico FEM(t)<\/div><canvas id=\"rCv\"><\/canvas><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"ct\">\r\n<div class=\"cr\">\r\n<button class=\"bt\" id=\"bI\">Invertir Polos<\/button>\r\n<div class=\"tg\">\r\n<label class=\"tl on\" data-t=\"fl\">Lineas B<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl on\" data-t=\"cd\">Corriente<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl on\" data-t=\"el\">Electrones<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl on\" data-t=\"xs\">Seccion<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" data-t=\"fv\">Flujo iman<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" data-t=\"fs\">Flujo espira<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" data-t=\"ex\">Explicacion<\/label>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cr\">\r\n<div class=\"sl\"><label>Espiras N<\/label><input type=\"range\" id=\"sN\" min=\"1\" max=\"10\" step=\"1\" value=\"1\"><span id=\"vN\">1<\/span><\/div>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" id=\"tSl\">Ralentizar<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" id=\"tSn\">Sonido<\/label>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"ep\" id=\"eP\"><div id=\"eC\"><\/div><\/section>\r\n<\/main>\r\n<div class=\"mo\" id=\"mod\">\r\n<div class=\"mc\">\r\n<div class=\"mh\"><h2>Modo Practica \u2014 Ley de Lenz<\/h2><button class=\"mx\" id=\"mX\">✕<\/button><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"mb\">\r\n<div class=\"ps\">Aciertos: <span id=\"pO\">0<\/span> \/ <span id=\"pT\">0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pn\" id=\"pSc\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pq\">Sentido de la corriente inducida?<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"po\" id=\"pOp\"><button class=\"bt pp\" data-a=\"ccw\">Antihorario<\/button><button class=\"bt pp\" data-a=\"cw\">Horario<\/button><button class=\"bt pp\" data-a=\"none\">No hay corriente<\/button><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pf\" id=\"pFb\"><\/div>\r\n<button class=\"bt ba\" id=\"pNw\" style=\"width:100%;justify-content:center\">Nuevo Desafio<\/button>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n\/* ====== ESTADO ====== *\/\r\nconst 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galvanometro *\/\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,gmy,gmr,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#f8f6f2';c.fill();c.strokeStyle='#8a8279';c.lineWidth=1.5;c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,gmy,gmr-3,Math.PI,0);c.strokeStyle='#bbb5ab';c.lineWidth=.8;c.stroke();\r\n \/* Solo la letra G, sin aguja *\/\r\n c.font='700 12px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#444';c.textAlign='center';c.textBaseline='middle';c.fillText('G',cx,gmy+1);\r\n\r\n \/* Etiqueta *\/\r\n c.font='600 10px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='#7f8c8d';c.textAlign='center';c.textBaseline='alphabetic';\r\n c.fillText('BOBINA'+(P.tn>1?' 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gR=c.createLinearGradient(x+w\/2,y,x+w\/2,y+h);gR.addColorStop(0,lt(rC,30));gR.addColorStop(.4,rC);gR.addColorStop(1,dk(rC,18));\r\n c.fillStyle=gR;c.fill();c.restore();\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(0,0,0,.2)';c.lineWidth=1;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x+w\/2,y);c.lineTo(x+w\/2,y+h);c.stroke();\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(0,0,0,.12)';c.lineWidth=1.5;rR(c,x,y,w,h,r);c.stroke();\r\n c.font='700 18px IBM Plex Sans';c.textAlign='center';c.textBaseline='middle';\r\n c.fillStyle='#fff';c.shadowColor='rgba(0,0,0,.3)';c.shadowBlur=2;\r\n c.fillText(lL,x+w\/4,my);c.fillText(rL,x+3*w\/4,my);c.shadowBlur=0;\r\n c.font='500 9px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='#7f8c8d';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('IMAN',mx,my-h\/2-9);\r\n if(P.dr){c.strokeStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.5)';c.lineWidth=2;c.setLineDash([4,4]);rR(c,x-4,y-4,w+8,h+8,r+2);c.stroke();c.setLineDash([]);}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== LINEAS DE CAMPO ====== *\/\r\nfunction tFL(sx,sy,ctrX,ctrY,mD,dir,mS){\r\n let px=sx,py=sy;const pts=[{x:px,y:py}],st=6;\r\n for(let s=0;s<mS;s++){\r\n const dx=px-ctrX,dy=py-ctrY,r2=dx*dx+dy*dy,r=Math.sqrt(Math.max(r2,100)),r5=r2*r2*r;\r\n let Bx=mD*(2*dx*dx-dy*dy)\/Math.max(r5,1e6),By=mD*3*dx*dy\/Math.max(r5,1e6);\r\n Bx*=dir;By*=dir;const Bm=Math.sqrt(Bx*Bx+By*By);if(Bm<1e-12)break;\r\n px+=Bx\/Bm*st;py+=By\/Bm*st;pts.push({x:px,y:py});\r\n if(px<-80||px>LW+80||py<-80||py>LH+80)break;\r\n }\r\n return pts;\r\n}\r\nfunction dFLP(c,pts,a){\r\n if(pts.length<3)return;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(pts[0].x,pts[0].y);for(let j=1;j<pts.length;j++)c.lineTo(pts[j].x,pts[j].y);\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(13,115,119,'+a+')';c.lineWidth=1.2;c.stroke();\r\n const m=Math.floor(pts.length*.4);\r\n if(m>0&&m<pts.length-1){\r\n const ax=pts[m+1].x-pts[m-1].x,ay=pts[m+1].y-pts[m-1].y,al=Math.sqrt(ax*ax+ay*ay);if(al<.1)return;\r\n const nx=ax\/al,ny=ay\/al,sz=5;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(pts[m].x+nx*sz,pts[m].y+ny*sz);\r\n c.lineTo(pts[m].x-nx*sz*.5-ny*sz*.6,pts[m].y-ny*sz*.5+nx*sz*.6);\r\n c.lineTo(pts[m].x-nx*sz*.5+ny*sz*.6,pts[m].y-ny*sz*.5-nx*sz*.6);\r\n c.closePath();c.fillStyle='rgba(13,115,119,'+(a+.1)+')';c.fill();\r\n }\r\n}\r\nfunction dFL(c){\r\n if(!P.vFL)return;\r\n const mx=P.mx,my=P.my,hw=P.mw\/2;\r\n const nPX=P.po===1?mx-hw:mx+hw,sPX=P.po===1?mx+hw:mx-hw,mD=-P.po;\r\n const a=.22;\r\n for(let i=0;i<8;i++){const ang=((i\/8)-.5)*Math.PI*.9,sd=18,aw=(nPX<mx)?-1:1;\r\n const pts=tFL(nPX+Math.cos(ang)*sd*aw,my+Math.sin(ang)*sd,mx,my,mD,1,160);dFLP(c,pts,a);}\r\n for(let i=0;i<6;i++){const ang=((i\/6)-.5)*Math.PI*.75,sd=18,aw=(sPX<mx)?-1:1;\r\n const pts=tFL(sPX+Math.cos(ang)*sd*aw,my+Math.sin(ang)*sd,mx,my,mD,-1,140);pts.reverse();dFLP(c,pts,a);}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== VECTOR FLUJO IMAN (naranja) ====== *\/\r\nfunction dFV(c){\r\n if(!P.vFV)return;\r\n const B=bL(),mL=75;\r\n const len=Math.min(Math.abs(B)\/(P.B0*.3)*mL,mL);if(len<4)return;\r\n const dir=B>0?1:-1;\r\n \/* Dibujar ligeramente arriba del centro de la bobina *\/\r\n const ay=P.ly-16;\r\n const sx=P.lx-dir*5,ex=P.lx+dir*len;\r\n c.strokeStyle='#d4820a';c.fillStyle='#d4820a';c.lineWidth=3.5;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(sx,ay);c.lineTo(ex-dir*12,ay);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ex,ay);c.lineTo(ex-dir*14,ay-7);c.lineTo(ex-dir*14,ay+7);c.closePath();c.fill();\r\n c.font='700 11px IBM Plex Sans';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('\\u03A6\\u2097',P.lx+dir*len\/2,ay-12);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== VECTOR FLUJO ESPIRA (violeta) ====== *\/\r\nfunction dFVS(c){\r\n if(!P.vFS||Math.abs(P.cI)<.005)return;\r\n \/* La corriente inducida crea un campo que se opone al cambio de flujo (Lenz)\r\n curI > 0 (antihorario visto desde la derecha) \u2192 B_espira apunta a la DERECHA\r\n curI < 0 (horario visto desde la derecha) \u2192 B_espira apunta a la IZQUIERDA *\/\r\n const kB=180;\r\n const coilB=kB*P.cI;\r\n const mL=65;\r\n const len=Math.min(Math.abs(coilB)\/(P.B0*.3)*mL,mL);if(len<4)return;\r\n const dir=coilB>0?1:-1;\r\n \/* Dibujar ligeramente abajo del centro de la bobina *\/\r\n const ay=P.ly+16;\r\n const sx=P.lx-dir*5,ex=P.lx+dir*len;\r\n c.strokeStyle='#8e44ad';c.fillStyle='#8e44ad';c.lineWidth=3.5;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(sx,ay);c.lineTo(ex-dir*12,ay);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ex,ay);c.lineTo(ex-dir*14,ay-7);c.lineTo(ex-dir*14,ay+7);c.closePath();c.fill();\r\n c.font='700 11px IBM Plex Sans';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('\\u03A6\\u2091',P.lx+dir*len\/2,ay+16);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== CORRIENTE INDUCIDA (4 flechas grandes) ====== *\/\r\nfunction dCD(c){\r\n if(!P.vCD||Math.abs(P.cI)<.005)return;\r\n const cx=P.lx,cy=P.ly,rx=P.sD+12,ry=P.sR+10;\r\n const dir=P.cI>0?-1:1;\r\n const it=Math.min(Math.abs(P.cI)\/2,1);\r\n const nArr=4;\r\n for(let i=0;i<nArr;i++){\r\n const a=(i\/nArr)*Math.PI*2+P.t*.001*dir*it*2;\r\n const na=a+dir*.35;\r\n const x1=cx+rx*Math.cos(a),y1=cy+ry*Math.sin(a);\r\n const x2=cx+rx*Math.cos(na),y2=cy+ry*Math.sin(na);\r\n const dx=x2-x1,dy=y2-y1,dl=Math.sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy);if(dl<.1)continue;\r\n const nx=dx\/dl,ny=dy\/dl;\r\n \/* Flecha grande solida *\/\r\n const sz=12;\r\n const bx=x2-nx*sz,by=y2-ny*sz;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x2,y2);\r\n c.lineTo(bx-ny*sz*.55,by+nx*sz*.55);\r\n c.lineTo(bx-nx*sz*.25,by-ny*sz*.25);\r\n c.lineTo(bx+ny*sz*.55,by-nx*sz*.55);\r\n c.closePath();c.fillStyle='rgba(212,130,10,'+(0.6+it*.4)+')';c.fill();\r\n \/* Linea de la flecha *\/\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(212,130,10,'+(0.6+it*.4)+')';c.lineWidth=3;c.lineCap='round';\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x1,y1);c.lineTo(bx,by);c.stroke();\r\n }\r\n c.font='700 11px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='#d4820a';c.textAlign='center';\r\n c.fillText(P.cI>0?'ANTIHORARIO':'HORARIO',cx,cy-P.sR-32);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== ELECTRONES ====== *\/\r\nfunction dEL(c){\r\n if(!P.vEL||Math.abs(P.cI)<.001)return;\r\n const cx=P.lx,cy=P.ly,rx=P.sD,ry=P.sR,sp=-P.cI*.15;\r\n for(let i=0;i<P.nE;i++){\r\n P.eP[i]+=sp*P.dt*.001;const a=P.eP[i];\r\n const ex=cx+rx*Math.cos(a),ey=cy+ry*Math.sin(a);\r\n const g=c.createRadialGradient(ex,ey,0,ex,ey,6);\r\n g.addColorStop(0,'rgba(41,128,185,0.8)');g.addColorStop(.5,'rgba(41,128,185,0.3)');g.addColorStop(1,'rgba(41,128,185,0)');\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(ex,ey,6,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle=g;c.fill();\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(ex,ey,2,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#2980b9';c.fill();\r\n c.strokeStyle='#fff';c.lineWidth=.8;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ex-1.2,ey);c.lineTo(ex+1.2,ey);c.stroke();\r\n }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== GRILLA, DISTANCIA, VELOCIDAD ====== *\/\r\nfunction dGr(c){\r\n c.strokeStyle='#e6e3dc';c.lineWidth=.5;\r\n for(let x=0;x<=LW;x+=40){c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x,0);c.lineTo(x,LH);c.stroke();}\r\n for(let y=0;y<=LH;y+=40){c.beginPath();c.moveTo(0,y);c.lineTo(LW,y);c.stroke();}\r\n c.strokeStyle='#cec9c0';c.lineWidth=1;c.setLineDash([6,4]);c.beginPath();c.moveTo(60,P.ly);c.lineTo(LW-30,P.ly);c.stroke();c.setLineDash([]);\r\n}\r\nfunction dDI(c){\r\n const y=P.ly+P.sR+60;c.strokeStyle='#bbb';c.lineWidth=1;c.setLineDash([3,3]);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(P.lx,y);c.lineTo(P.mx,y);c.stroke();c.setLineDash([]);\r\n [P.lx,P.mx].forEach(x=>{c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x,y-4);c.lineTo(x,y+4);c.stroke();});\r\n c.font='500 9px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#aaa';c.textAlign='center';\r\n c.fillText('d = '+(Math.abs(P.mx-P.lx)*.1).toFixed(1)+' cm',(P.lx+P.mx)\/2,y-8);\r\n}\r\nfunction dVA(c){\r\n if(Math.abs(P.mv)<.5)return;\r\n const l=Math.min(Math.abs(P.mv)*4,60),d=P.mv>0?1:-1,ax=P.mx+d*(P.mw\/2+10),ay=P.my;\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.55)';c.lineWidth=2;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ax,ay);c.lineTo(ax+d*l,ay);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ax+d*l,ay);c.lineTo(ax+d*(l-8),ay-5);c.lineTo(ax+d*(l-8),ay+5);c.closePath();c.fillStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.55)';c.fill();\r\n c.font='500 9px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.6)';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('v',ax+d*l\/2,ay-10);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== COMPONER ESCENA ====== *\/\r\nfunction dMain(){\r\n const c=mc;c.clearRect(0,0,LW,LH);c.fillStyle='#fafaf7';c.fillRect(0,0,LW,LH);\r\n dGr(c);dDI(c);dFL(c);dSol(c);dFV(c);dFVS(c);dCD(c);dEL(c);dMag(c);dVA(c);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== GALVANOMETRO ====== *\/\r\nfunction dGalv(){\r\n const c=gc,w=GW,h=GH;c.clearRect(0,0,w,h);\r\n const cx=w\/2,cy=h-12,rad=125;\r\n const bg=c.createLinearGradient(0,0,0,h);bg.addColorStop(0,'#f8f6f2');bg.addColorStop(1,'#e6e2da');\r\n c.fillStyle=bg;rR(c,4,4,w-8,h-8,10);c.fill();c.strokeStyle='#b0a99e';c.lineWidth=2;rR(c,4,4,w-8,h-8,10);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy,rad+6,Math.PI,0);c.strokeStyle='#c8c0b5';c.lineWidth=3;c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy,rad,Math.PI,0);c.fillStyle='#fffef8';c.fill();c.strokeStyle='#a09890';c.lineWidth=1.5;c.stroke();\r\n const sR=rad-14;\r\n for(let i=0;i<=20;i++){\r\n const a=Math.PI+(i\/20)*Math.PI,mj=i%5===0,iR=mj?sR-13:sR-7;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(cx+iR*Math.cos(a),cy+iR*Math.sin(a));c.lineTo(cx+sR*Math.cos(a),cy+sR*Math.sin(a));\r\n c.strokeStyle=mj?'#2c3e50':'#999';c.lineWidth=mj?2:1;c.stroke();\r\n if(mj){const v=((i\/20)*2-1)*5,lR=sR-22;c.font='500 9px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#2c3e50';c.textAlign='center';c.textBaseline='middle';\r\n c.fillText(v.toFixed(0),cx+lR*Math.cos(a),cy+lR*Math.sin(a));}\r\n }\r\n c.font='700 11px IBM Plex Sans';c.textAlign='center';\r\n c.fillStyle='#b83230';c.fillText('+',cx+rad*.65,cy-rad*.5);\r\n c.fillStyle='#1f6fa5';c.fillText('\\u2212',cx-rad*.65,cy-rad*.5);\r\n c.font='700 10px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#2c3e50';c.textBaseline='alphabetic';c.fillText('0',cx,cy-sR+4);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(cx,cy-sR-1);c.lineTo(cx-4,cy-sR-7);c.lineTo(cx+4,cy-sR-7);c.closePath();c.fillStyle='#2c3e50';c.fill();\r\n c.font='500 7px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='#bbb';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('GALVANOMETRO',cx,cy-rad*.25);\r\n c.font='400 6px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillText('FISICA 2 \\u2014 FICA UNSL',cx,cy-rad*.13);\r\n for(let s=0;s<2;s++){const sa=s===0?Math.PI*.03:Math.PI*.97,ea=s===0?Math.PI*.13:Math.PI*.87;\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy,sR+2,sa,ea);c.strokeStyle='rgba(184,50,48,.25)';c.lineWidth=4;c.stroke();}\r\n\r\n const rA=(P.nA\/5)*(Math.PI\/2),nL=rad-18;\r\n c.save();c.translate(cx+1,cy+1);c.rotate(rA);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(0,3);c.lineTo(-2.5,-nL+8);c.lineTo(0,-nL);c.lineTo(2.5,-nL+8);c.closePath();\r\n c.fillStyle='rgba(0,0,0,.1)';c.fill();c.restore();\r\n c.save();c.translate(cx,cy);c.rotate(rA);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(0,4);c.lineTo(-2.8,-nL+8);c.lineTo(0,-nL-2);c.lineTo(2.8,-nL+8);c.closePath();\r\n c.fillStyle='#1a1a1a';c.fill();c.restore();\r\n c.save();c.translate(cx,cy);c.rotate(rA);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(-2,0);c.lineTo(-3.5,10);c.lineTo(0,12);c.lineTo(3.5,10);c.lineTo(2,0);c.closePath();\r\n c.fillStyle='#1a1a1a';c.fill();c.restore();\r\n const pv=c.createRadialGradient(cx-1,cy-1,0,cx,cy,5);pv.addColorStop(0,'#888');pv.addColorStop(1,'#222');\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy,5,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle=pv;c.fill();\r\n c.fillStyle='#2c3e50';c.fillRect(cx-25,cy+2,50,7);\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy+5,7,0,Math.PI);c.fillStyle='#34495e';c.fill();\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== GRAFICO ====== *\/\r\nfunction dGraph(){\r\n const c=rc,w=RW,h=RH;c.clearRect(0,0,w,h);c.fillStyle='#fafaf7';c.fillRect(0,0,w,h);\r\n const m={l:28,r:8,t:10,b:14},gw=w-m.l-m.r,gh=h-m.t-m.b,ox=m.l,oy=m.t,zy=oy+gh\/2;\r\n c.strokeStyle='#ccc';c.lineWidth=1;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ox,oy);c.lineTo(ox,oy+gh);c.lineTo(ox+gw,oy+gh);c.stroke();\r\n c.strokeStyle='#e0ddd7';c.setLineDash([3,3]);c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ox,zy);c.lineTo(ox+gw,zy);c.stroke();c.setLineDash([]);\r\n c.font='500 7px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#999';c.textAlign='right';\r\n c.fillText('+',ox-4,oy+7);c.fillText('\\u2212',ox-4,oy+gh-1);c.fillText('0',ox-4,zy+3);\r\n c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('t',ox+gw+4,oy+gh+9);\r\n if(P.eH.length<2)return;const mE=Math.max(5,...P.eH.map(v=>Math.abs(v)));\r\n c.strokeStyle='#eee';c.lineWidth=.5;for(let i=1;i<4;i++){const y1=oy+(i\/4)*gh;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ox,y1);c.lineTo(ox+gw,y1);c.stroke();}\r\n c.beginPath();const ln=P.eH.length;\r\n for(let i=0;i<ln;i++){const x=ox+(i\/P.mH)*gw,y=zy-(P.eH[i]\/mE)*(gh\/2);if(i===0)c.moveTo(x,y);else c.lineTo(x,y);}\r\n c.strokeStyle='#0d7377';c.lineWidth=1.5;c.stroke();\r\n const lx=ox+((ln-1)\/P.mH)*gw;c.lineTo(lx,zy);c.lineTo(ox,zy);c.closePath();c.fillStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.07)';c.fill();\r\n if(ln>0){const dy=zy-(P.eH[ln-1]\/mE)*(gh\/2);c.beginPath();c.arc(lx,dy,3,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#0d7377';c.fill();}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== INTERACCION ====== *\/\r\nfunction gC(e){const r=mCv.getBoundingClientRect(),sx=LW\/r.width,sy=LH\/r.height,cx=e.touches?e.touches[0].clientX:e.clientX,cy=e.touches?e.touches[0].clientY:e.clientY;return{x:(cx-r.left)*sx,y:(cy-r.top)*sy};}\r\nfunction oM(px,py){const hw=P.mw\/2+12,hh=P.mh\/2+12;return px>P.mx-hw&&px<P.mx+hw&&py>P.my-hh&&py<P.my+hh;}\r\nmCv.addEventListener('mousedown',e=>{e.preventDefault();const p=gC(e);if(oM(p.x,p.y)){P.dr=true;P.dox=p.x-P.mx;P.doy=p.y-P.my;mCv.style.cursor='grabbing';if(P.hO){P.hO=false;document.getElementById('hint').style.opacity='0';}iAu();}});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('mousemove',e=>{e.preventDefault();const p=gC(e);if(P.dr){P.mx=Math.max(P.lx+P.sD+25,Math.min(LW-40,p.x-P.dox));}else{mCv.style.cursor=oM(p.x,p.y)?'grab':'default';}});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('mouseup',()=>{P.dr=false;mCv.style.cursor='default';});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('mouseleave',()=>{P.dr=false;mCv.style.cursor='default';});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('touchstart',e=>{e.preventDefault();const p=gC(e);if(oM(p.x,p.y)){P.dr=true;P.dox=p.x-P.mx;P.doy=p.y-P.my;if(P.hO){P.hO=false;document.getElementById('hint').style.opacity='0';}iAu();}},{passive:false});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('touchmove',e=>{e.preventDefault();if(P.dr){const 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No hay variacion de flujo.<\/p>';h+='<div class=\"fm\">\\u03B5 = \\u2212d\\u03A6\/dt = 0<\/div>';}\r\n else{const fc=ap?'aumentando':'disminuyendo';\r\n h+='<p>El iman se <strong>'+(ap?'acerca':'aleja')+'<\/strong> con polo <strong>'+pL+'<\/strong> hacia la bobina.<\/p>';\r\n h+='<p>El flujo magnetico del iman esta <strong>'+fc+'<\/strong> (apunta hacia la '+fD+').<\/p>';\r\n h+='<div class=\"fm\">\\u03B5 = \\u2212N \\u00B7 d\\u03A6\/dt<\/div>';\r\n if(Math.abs(em)>.01){\r\n const ld=em>0?'antihorario':'horario';\r\n const oDir=em>0?'derecha':'izquierda';\r\n h+='<p><strong>Ley de Lenz:<\/strong> la corriente inducida circula en sentido <strong>'+ld+'<\/strong>, generando un flujo propio hacia la <strong>'+oDir+'<\/strong> que se opone al '+fc+' del flujo del iman.<\/p>';\r\n }}\r\n h+='<div class=\"fm\">\\u03A6 = N\\u00B7B\\u00B7A = '+(fl*1000).toFixed(2)+' mWb<\/div>';\r\n document.getElementById('eC').innerHTML=h;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== DISPLAYS ====== *\/\r\nfunction uD(){\r\n const ev=P.em*.001,fv=P.fl*1000,iv=P.cI;\r\n document.getElementById('eD').textContent=(ev>=0?'+':'')+ev.toFixed(3)+' mV';\r\n document.getElementById('fD').textContent=fv.toFixed(3);\r\n document.getElementById('cD').textContent=iv.toFixed(2);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== MODO PRACTICA ====== *\/\r\ndocument.getElementById('btnP').addEventListener('click',()=>{P.pAc=true;document.getElementById('mod').classList.add('open');gCh();});\r\ndocument.getElementById('mX').addEventListener('click',()=>{P.pAc=false;document.getElementById('mod').classList.remove('open');});\r\ndocument.getElementById('pNw').addEventListener('click',gCh);\r\ndocument.querySelectorAll('[data-a]').forEach(b=>{b.addEventListener('click',()=>{if(P.pDo)return;cAn(b.dataset.a);});});\r\nfunction gCh(){\r\n P.pDo=false;document.getElementById('pFb').style.display='none';\r\n document.querySelectorAll('[data-a]').forEach(b=>{b.disabled=false;b.style.borderColor='';b.style.background='';b.style.opacity='1';});\r\n const sc=[\r\n {p:'N',a:'ap',d:'El iman se <strong>acerca<\/strong> con polo <strong>N<\/strong> hacia la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'N',a:'al',d:'El iman se <strong>aleja<\/strong> con polo <strong>N<\/strong> de la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'S',a:'ap',d:'El iman se <strong>acerca<\/strong> con polo <strong>S<\/strong> hacia la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'S',a:'al',d:'El iman se <strong>aleja<\/strong> con polo <strong>S<\/strong> de la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'N',a:'re',d:'El iman <strong>en reposo<\/strong> con polo <strong>N<\/strong> junto a la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'S',a:'re',d:'El iman <strong>en reposo<\/strong> con polo <strong>S<\/strong> junto a la bobina.'},\r\n ];\r\n const s=sc[Math.floor(Math.random()*sc.length)];\r\n document.getElementById('pSc').innerHTML=s.d;\r\n if(s.a==='re'){P.pAn='none';}\r\n else{const po=s.p==='N'?1:-1,ap=s.a==='ap';P.pAn=ap?(po===1?'ccw':'cw'):(po===1?'cw':'ccw');}\r\n}\r\nfunction cAn(a){\r\n P.pDo=true;P.pTo++;const ok=a===P.pAn;if(ok)P.pSc++;\r\n document.getElementById('pO').textContent=P.pSc;document.getElementById('pT').textContent=P.pTo;\r\n const fb=document.getElementById('pFb');fb.style.display='block';fb.className='pf '+(ok?'ok':'no');\r\n const dl=P.pAn==='ccw'?'antihorario':P.pAn==='cw'?'horario':'no hay corriente';\r\n if(ok)fb.innerHTML='<strong>Correcto!<\/strong> '+gEx();else fb.innerHTML='<strong>Incorrecto.<\/strong> Respuesta: <strong>'+dl+'<\/strong>. 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}\r\n .var { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; }\r\n .var.pos { color: #cf222e; }\r\n .var.neg { color: #0550ae; }\r\n .var.neu { color: #7d4e00; }\r\n .var.ok { color: #1a7f37; }\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"guia-panel\" id=\"guiaPanel\">\r\n <div class=\"guia-header\">\r\n <div class=\"guia-header-title\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 3h6a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v14a3 3 0 0 0-3-3H2z\"\/><path d=\"M22 3h-6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v14a3 3 0 0 1 3-3h7z\"\/><\/svg>\r\n Gu\u00eda de uso\r\n <\/div>\r\n <button class=\"guia-close\" onclick=\"toggleGuia()\">\u2715<\/button>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"guia-body\">\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; color: #333;\">\r\n<h3 style=\"color: #0056b3;\"> <span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000080;\"><strong>Inducci\u00f3n Electromagn\u00e9tica: Ley de Faraday y Ley de Lenz<\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #000080; font-size: 16px;\"> <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #ff0000;\"> <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<strong>Objetivo:<\/strong> Investigar los fen\u00f3menos de inducci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica mediante la interacci\u00f3n entre imanes y bobinas, analizando las variables que determinan la magnitud de la fuerza electromotriz (fem) inducida y verificando el principio de conservaci\u00f3n de la energ\u00eda a trav\u00e9s del sentido de la corriente.\r\n\r\n<strong>Descripci\u00f3n breve:<\/strong> Simulaci\u00f3n interactiva que permite explorar c\u00f3mo un flujo magn\u00e9tico variable en el tiempo genera una diferencia de potencial en un circuito cerrado. El simulador facilita la comprensi\u00f3n visual de las l\u00edneas de campo magn\u00e9tico, la variaci\u00f3n del flujo \\(\\Phi_B\\) y c\u00f3mo el signo negativo en la ecuaci\u00f3n representa la oposici\u00f3n natural descrita por la Ley de Lenz:\r\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0; background: #f0f4f8; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px;\">\\( \\varepsilon = - N \\frac{\\Delta \\Phi_B}{\\Delta t} \\quad \\text{donde} \\quad \\Phi_B = \\int \\vec{B} \\cdot d\\vec{A} \\)<\/div>\r\n<strong>C\u00f3mo usar (pasos):<\/strong>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 20px;\">\r\n \t<li>Seleccionar el entorno de experimentaci\u00f3n (un im\u00e1n individual o un sistema con m\u00faltiples bobinas de diferente n\u00famero de espiras \\(N\\)).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Desplazar el im\u00e1n permanente manualmente o de forma automatizada hacia el interior y exterior de la bobina, variando la velocidad del movimiento.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Observar la deflexi\u00f3n de la aguja del volt\u00edmetro virtual (magnitud y polaridad) y la intensidad del brillo de una l\u00e1mpara conectada al circuito.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Activar la visualizaci\u00f3n del medidor de l\u00edneas de campo para identificar c\u00f3mo cambia el n\u00famero de l\u00edneas que atraviesan el \u00e1rea de las espiras en cada instante \\(\\Delta t\\).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Analizar el sentido de las flechas de la corriente inducida al acercar el polo norte frente a cuando se acerca el polo sur, comprobando el efecto de oposici\u00f3n magn\u00e9tica (Ley de Lenz).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Par\u00e1metros ajustables:<\/strong> Fuerza del im\u00e1n permanente (porcentaje de magnetizaci\u00f3n), n\u00famero de espiras en la bobina (\\(N\\)), \u00e1rea transversal de las espiras y sentido de los polos del im\u00e1n.\r\n<p style=\"background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #0056b3;\"><strong>Resultados esperados \/ observaciones:<\/strong> Se comprueba que no se induce corriente si el im\u00e1n permanece en reposo, confirmando que se requiere un flujo *variable*. La magnitud de la fem es directamente proporcional a la velocidad del movimiento y al n\u00famero de espiras. El sentido de la corriente inducida siempre genera un campo magn\u00e9tico propio que intenta frenar el avance o la retirada del im\u00e1n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<button class=\"btn-guia\" onclick=\"toggleGuia()\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 3h6a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v14a3 3 0 0 0-3-3H2z\"\/><path d=\"M22 3h-6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v14a3 3 0 0 1 3-3h7z\"\/><\/svg>\r\n Gu\u00eda de uso\r\n<\/button>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n function toggleGuia() {\r\n document.getElementById('guiaPanel').classList.toggle('visible');\r\n }\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ley de Faraday-Lenz Ley de Faraday-Lenz Induccion Electromagnetica \u2014 FISICA 2 Modo Practica Arrastra el iman Galvanometro FEM Inducida+0.000 mVΦ: 0.000 mWbI: 0.00 mA Grafico…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7591","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n<title>Ley_Faraday_Ley_Lenz - 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var(--border);line-height:1.5;font-size:.82rem}\r\n.pn strong{color:var(--accent)}\r\n.pq{font-size:.85rem;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:.6rem}\r\n.po{display:flex;gap:.35rem;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:.7rem}\r\n.pp{padding:.45rem .9rem;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:600;border-radius:6px;min-width:105px;justify-content:center}\r\n.pf{padding:.5rem .7rem;border-radius:6px;margin-bottom:.7rem;font-size:.8rem;line-height:1.5;display:none}\r\n.pf.ok{background:#e8f8ef;border:1px solid #1e8449;color:#1a7a3a}\r\n.pf.no{background:#fdeaea;border:1px solid #c0392b;color:#a93226}\r\n@media(max-width:860px){.sg{grid-template-columns:1fr}.ip{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap}.ib{flex:1;min-width:170px}.cr{flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch}.sl{min-width:0}}\r\n@media(max-width:500px){.hd{flex-direction:column;gap:.2rem;text-align:center}.hd .s{margin-left:0}.ip{flex-direction:column}}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n<div class=\"hd\">\r\n <div class=\"hl\">\r\n <h1>Ley de Faraday-Lenz<\/h1>\r\n <span class=\"s\">Induccion Electromagnetica \u2014 FISICA 2<\/span> \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/fisica2.fica.unsl.edu.ar\/index.php\/FISAR_SIM\/\" target=\"_blank\"> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\" https:\/\/fisica2.fica.unsl.edu.ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/FISAR_SIM_1-300x142-1.png \" alt=\"FISAR Sim\" style=\"height:36px; width:auto; display:block;\"> <\/a>\r\n \r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n <button class=\"bt ba\" id=\"btnP\">Modo Practica<\/button>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<main class=\"mn\">\r\n<section class=\"sg\">\r\n<div class=\"cw\" id=\"cvW\"><canvas id=\"mCv\"><\/canvas><div class=\"dh\" id=\"hint\">Arrastra el iman<\/div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ip\">\r\n<div class=\"ib\"><div class=\"il\">Galvanometro<\/div><canvas id=\"gCv\"><\/canvas><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ib db\"><div class=\"il\">FEM Inducida<\/div><div class=\"dv\" id=\"eD\">+0.000 mV<\/div><div class=\"ds\"><span>Φ: <span id=\"fD\">0.000<\/span> mWb<\/span><span>I: <span id=\"cD\">0.00<\/span> mA<\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ib\"><div class=\"il\">Grafico FEM(t)<\/div><canvas id=\"rCv\"><\/canvas><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"ct\">\r\n<div class=\"cr\">\r\n<button class=\"bt\" id=\"bI\">Invertir Polos<\/button>\r\n<div class=\"tg\">\r\n<label class=\"tl on\" data-t=\"fl\">Lineas B<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl on\" data-t=\"cd\">Corriente<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl on\" data-t=\"el\">Electrones<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl on\" data-t=\"xs\">Seccion<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" data-t=\"fv\">Flujo iman<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" data-t=\"fs\">Flujo espira<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" data-t=\"ex\">Explicacion<\/label>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cr\">\r\n<div class=\"sl\"><label>Espiras N<\/label><input type=\"range\" id=\"sN\" min=\"1\" max=\"10\" step=\"1\" value=\"1\"><span id=\"vN\">1<\/span><\/div>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" id=\"tSl\">Ralentizar<\/label>\r\n<label class=\"tl\" id=\"tSn\">Sonido<\/label>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"ep\" id=\"eP\"><div id=\"eC\"><\/div><\/section>\r\n<\/main>\r\n<div class=\"mo\" id=\"mod\">\r\n<div class=\"mc\">\r\n<div class=\"mh\"><h2>Modo Practica \u2014 Ley de Lenz<\/h2><button class=\"mx\" id=\"mX\">✕<\/button><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"mb\">\r\n<div class=\"ps\">Aciertos: <span id=\"pO\">0<\/span> \/ <span id=\"pT\">0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pn\" id=\"pSc\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pq\">Sentido de la corriente inducida?<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"po\" id=\"pOp\"><button class=\"bt pp\" data-a=\"ccw\">Antihorario<\/button><button class=\"bt pp\" data-a=\"cw\">Horario<\/button><button class=\"bt pp\" data-a=\"none\">No hay corriente<\/button><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pf\" id=\"pFb\"><\/div>\r\n<button class=\"bt ba\" id=\"pNw\" style=\"width:100%;justify-content:center\">Nuevo Desafio<\/button>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n\/* ====== ESTADO ====== *\/\r\nconst LW=800,LH=500,GW=270,GH=195,RW=270,RH=115;\r\nconst P={\r\n lx:210,ly:240,sR:55,sD:22,sW:5.5,\r\n mx:530,my:240,mw:110,mh:50,\r\n po:1,tn:1,sl:false,sn:false,\r\n dr:false,dox:0,doy:0,\r\n pF:0,fl:0,em:0,cI:0,mv:0,pmx:530,\r\n nA:0,nV:0,\r\n vFL:true,vCD:true,vEL:true,vXS:true,vFV:false,vFS:false,vEX:false,\r\n eP:[],nE:14,eH:[],mH:200,t:0,dt:0,\r\n B0:400,a0:80,ar:1,rs:80,\r\n pAc:false,pSc:0,pTo:0,pAn:'',pDo:false,\r\n aC:null,lC:0,hO:true\r\n};\r\nfor(let i=0;i<P.nE;i++) P.eP.push(i\/P.nE*Math.PI*2);\r\n\r\n\/* ====== CANVAS ====== *\/\r\nconst mCv=document.getElementById('mCv'),gCv=document.getElementById('gCv'),rCv=document.getElementById('rCv');\r\nlet mc,gc,rc;\r\nfunction sC(cv,w,h){const d=Math.min(devicePixelRatio||1,2);cv.width=w*d;cv.height=h*d;const c=cv.getContext('2d');c.scale(d,d);return c;}\r\nfunction iC(){mc=sC(mCv,LW,LH);gc=sC(gCv,GW,GH);rc=sC(rCv,RW,RH);}\r\niC();addEventListener('resize',iC);\r\n\r\n\/* ====== FISICA ====== *\/\r\nfunction bL(){const dx=P.mx-P.lx,d=Math.max(Math.abs(dx),15),a=P.a0;return -P.po*P.B0*(a*a*a)\/Math.pow(d*d+a*a,1.5);}\r\nfunction cF(){return P.tn*bL()*P.ar;}\r\nfunction uP(dt){\r\n const r=P.sl?dt*.25:dt,ds=r*.001;\r\n P.mv=P.mx-P.pmx;P.pmx=P.mx;\r\n const nf=cF();if(ds>0)P.em=-(nf-P.pF)\/ds;\r\n P.pF=nf;P.fl=nf;P.cI=P.em\/P.rs;\r\n const tg=Math.max(-5,Math.min(5,P.cI*.5));\r\n P.nV+=(40*(tg-P.nA)-8*P.nV)*ds;P.nA+=P.nV*ds;\r\n P.eH.push(P.em);if(P.eH.length>P.mH)P.eH.shift();\r\n P.t+=r;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== UTIL ====== *\/\r\nfunction rR(c,x,y,w,h,r){c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x+r,y);c.lineTo(x+w-r,y);c.arcTo(x+w,y,x+w,y+r,r);c.lineTo(x+w,y+h-r);c.arcTo(x+w,y+h,x+w-r,y+h,r);c.lineTo(x+r,y+h);c.arcTo(x,y+h,x,y+h-r,r);c.lineTo(x,y+r);c.arcTo(x,y,x+r,y,r);c.closePath();}\r\nfunction lt(h,n){let r=parseInt(h.slice(1,3),16),g=parseInt(h.slice(3,5),16),b=parseInt(h.slice(5,7),16);return '#'+[r,g,b].map(c=>Math.min(255,c+n).toString(16).padStart(2,'0')).join('');}\r\nfunction dk(h,n){let 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c.strokeStyle='rgba(185,175,158,.15)';c.lineWidth=1;c.stroke();\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Mitades traseras *\/\r\n for(const x of tx){\r\n c.beginPath();c.ellipse(x,cy,sD,sR,0,Math.PI,2*Math.PI);\r\n c.strokeStyle='#7a5230';c.lineWidth=wW+1;c.lineCap='round';c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.ellipse(x,cy+2,sD+1,sR+1,0,Math.PI+.12,2*Math.PI-.12);\r\n c.strokeStyle='#5e3d1f';c.lineWidth=2;c.stroke();\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Mitades frontales *\/\r\n for(const x of tx){\r\n c.beginPath();c.ellipse(x,cy,sD,sR,0,0,Math.PI);\r\n c.strokeStyle='#c8873e';c.lineWidth=wW;c.lineCap='round';c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.ellipse(x,cy-2,sD,sR-1,0,.15,Math.PI-.15);\r\n c.strokeStyle='#ddb568';c.lineWidth=2;c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.ellipse(x,cy-1,sD-3,sR-3,0,.4,Math.PI-.4);\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(255,225,170,.3)';c.lineWidth=1.5;c.stroke();\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Conexiones entre espiras *\/\r\n if(n>1){for(let i=0;i<n-1;i++){\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(tx[i]+sD*.3,cy+sR*.95);\r\n c.quadraticCurveTo((tx[i]+tx[i+1])\/2,cy+sR+9,tx[i+1]-sD*.3,cy+sR*.95);\r\n c.strokeStyle='#b87333';c.lineWidth=wW-1;c.lineCap='round';c.stroke();\r\n }}\r\n\r\n \/* Indicadores de seccion transversal *\/\r\n if(P.vXS){\r\n const hc=Math.abs(P.cI)>.005,ccw=P.cI>0;\r\n for(const x of tx){\r\n const topY=cy-sR,botY=cy+sR,rad=8;\r\n \/* Circulo superior *\/\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(x,topY,rad,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#f5e6d0';c.fill();c.strokeStyle='#a06820';c.lineWidth=1.5;c.stroke();\r\n \/* Circulo inferior *\/\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(x,botY,rad,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#f5e6d0';c.fill();c.strokeStyle='#a06820';c.lineWidth=1.5;c.stroke();\r\n if(hc){\r\n \/* CCW (visto desde la derecha): arriba sale \u2299, abajo entra \u2297\r\n CW (visto desde la derecha): arriba entra \u2297, abajo sale \u2299 *\/\r\n const topOut=ccw;\r\n if(topOut){c.beginPath();c.arc(x,topY,3.5,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#1a1a1a';c.fill();}\r\n else{c.strokeStyle='#1a1a1a';c.lineWidth=2;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x-5,topY-5);c.lineTo(x+5,topY+5);c.stroke();c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x+5,topY-5);c.lineTo(x-5,topY+5);c.stroke();}\r\n if(!topOut){c.beginPath();c.arc(x,botY,3.5,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#1a1a1a';c.fill();}\r\n else{c.strokeStyle='#1a1a1a';c.lineWidth=2;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x-5,botY-5);c.lineTo(x+5,botY+5);c.stroke();c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x+5,botY-5);c.lineTo(x-5,botY+5);c.stroke();}\r\n }\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Terminales y mini galvanometro (solo letra G, sin aguja) *\/\r\n const gmy=cy+sR+32,gmr=14;\r\n c.strokeStyle='#b87333';c.lineWidth=2.2;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(tx[0],cy+sR);c.lineTo(tx[0],gmy);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(tx[n-1],cy+sR);c.lineTo(tx[n-1],gmy);c.stroke();\r\n c.strokeStyle='#b87333';c.lineWidth=1.6;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(tx[0],gmy);c.lineTo(cx-gmr-2,gmy);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(cx+gmr+2,gmy);c.lineTo(tx[n-1],gmy);c.stroke();\r\n\r\n \/* Circulo del mini galvanometro *\/\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,gmy,gmr,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#f8f6f2';c.fill();c.strokeStyle='#8a8279';c.lineWidth=1.5;c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,gmy,gmr-3,Math.PI,0);c.strokeStyle='#bbb5ab';c.lineWidth=.8;c.stroke();\r\n \/* Solo la letra G, sin aguja *\/\r\n c.font='700 12px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#444';c.textAlign='center';c.textBaseline='middle';c.fillText('G',cx,gmy+1);\r\n\r\n \/* Etiqueta *\/\r\n c.font='600 10px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='#7f8c8d';c.textAlign='center';c.textBaseline='alphabetic';\r\n c.fillText('BOBINA'+(P.tn>1?' (N='+P.tn+')':''),cx,cy-sR-18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== IMAN ====== *\/\r\nfunction dMag(c){\r\n const mx=P.mx,my=P.my,w=P.mw,h=P.mh,x=mx-w\/2,y=my-h\/2,r=6;\r\n const lC=P.po===1?'#b83230':'#1f6fa5',rC=P.po===1?'#1f6fa5':'#b83230';\r\n const lL=P.po===1?'N':'S',rL=P.po===1?'S':'N';\r\n c.save();c.shadowColor='rgba(0,0,0,.18)';c.shadowBlur=12;c.shadowOffsetX=3;c.shadowOffsetY=4;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x+r,y);c.lineTo(x+w\/2,y);c.lineTo(x+w\/2,y+h);c.lineTo(x+r,y+h);\r\n c.arcTo(x,y+h,x,y+h-r,r);c.lineTo(x,y+r);c.arcTo(x,y,x+r,y,r);c.closePath();\r\n const gL=c.createLinearGradient(x,y,x,y+h);gL.addColorStop(0,lt(lC,30));gL.addColorStop(.4,lC);gL.addColorStop(1,dk(lC,18));\r\n c.fillStyle=gL;c.fill();\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x+w\/2,y);c.lineTo(x+w-r,y);c.arcTo(x+w,y,x+w,y+r,r);\r\n c.lineTo(x+w,y+h-r);c.arcTo(x+w,y+h,x+w-r,y+h,r);c.lineTo(x+w\/2,y+h);c.closePath();\r\n const gR=c.createLinearGradient(x+w\/2,y,x+w\/2,y+h);gR.addColorStop(0,lt(rC,30));gR.addColorStop(.4,rC);gR.addColorStop(1,dk(rC,18));\r\n c.fillStyle=gR;c.fill();c.restore();\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(0,0,0,.2)';c.lineWidth=1;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x+w\/2,y);c.lineTo(x+w\/2,y+h);c.stroke();\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(0,0,0,.12)';c.lineWidth=1.5;rR(c,x,y,w,h,r);c.stroke();\r\n c.font='700 18px IBM Plex Sans';c.textAlign='center';c.textBaseline='middle';\r\n c.fillStyle='#fff';c.shadowColor='rgba(0,0,0,.3)';c.shadowBlur=2;\r\n c.fillText(lL,x+w\/4,my);c.fillText(rL,x+3*w\/4,my);c.shadowBlur=0;\r\n c.font='500 9px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='#7f8c8d';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('IMAN',mx,my-h\/2-9);\r\n if(P.dr){c.strokeStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.5)';c.lineWidth=2;c.setLineDash([4,4]);rR(c,x-4,y-4,w+8,h+8,r+2);c.stroke();c.setLineDash([]);}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== LINEAS DE CAMPO ====== *\/\r\nfunction tFL(sx,sy,ctrX,ctrY,mD,dir,mS){\r\n let px=sx,py=sy;const pts=[{x:px,y:py}],st=6;\r\n for(let s=0;s<mS;s++){\r\n const dx=px-ctrX,dy=py-ctrY,r2=dx*dx+dy*dy,r=Math.sqrt(Math.max(r2,100)),r5=r2*r2*r;\r\n let Bx=mD*(2*dx*dx-dy*dy)\/Math.max(r5,1e6),By=mD*3*dx*dy\/Math.max(r5,1e6);\r\n Bx*=dir;By*=dir;const Bm=Math.sqrt(Bx*Bx+By*By);if(Bm<1e-12)break;\r\n px+=Bx\/Bm*st;py+=By\/Bm*st;pts.push({x:px,y:py});\r\n if(px<-80||px>LW+80||py<-80||py>LH+80)break;\r\n }\r\n return pts;\r\n}\r\nfunction dFLP(c,pts,a){\r\n if(pts.length<3)return;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(pts[0].x,pts[0].y);for(let j=1;j<pts.length;j++)c.lineTo(pts[j].x,pts[j].y);\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(13,115,119,'+a+')';c.lineWidth=1.2;c.stroke();\r\n const m=Math.floor(pts.length*.4);\r\n if(m>0&&m<pts.length-1){\r\n const ax=pts[m+1].x-pts[m-1].x,ay=pts[m+1].y-pts[m-1].y,al=Math.sqrt(ax*ax+ay*ay);if(al<.1)return;\r\n const nx=ax\/al,ny=ay\/al,sz=5;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(pts[m].x+nx*sz,pts[m].y+ny*sz);\r\n c.lineTo(pts[m].x-nx*sz*.5-ny*sz*.6,pts[m].y-ny*sz*.5+nx*sz*.6);\r\n c.lineTo(pts[m].x-nx*sz*.5+ny*sz*.6,pts[m].y-ny*sz*.5-nx*sz*.6);\r\n c.closePath();c.fillStyle='rgba(13,115,119,'+(a+.1)+')';c.fill();\r\n }\r\n}\r\nfunction dFL(c){\r\n if(!P.vFL)return;\r\n const mx=P.mx,my=P.my,hw=P.mw\/2;\r\n const nPX=P.po===1?mx-hw:mx+hw,sPX=P.po===1?mx+hw:mx-hw,mD=-P.po;\r\n const a=.22;\r\n for(let i=0;i<8;i++){const ang=((i\/8)-.5)*Math.PI*.9,sd=18,aw=(nPX<mx)?-1:1;\r\n const pts=tFL(nPX+Math.cos(ang)*sd*aw,my+Math.sin(ang)*sd,mx,my,mD,1,160);dFLP(c,pts,a);}\r\n for(let i=0;i<6;i++){const ang=((i\/6)-.5)*Math.PI*.75,sd=18,aw=(sPX<mx)?-1:1;\r\n const pts=tFL(sPX+Math.cos(ang)*sd*aw,my+Math.sin(ang)*sd,mx,my,mD,-1,140);pts.reverse();dFLP(c,pts,a);}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== VECTOR FLUJO IMAN (naranja) ====== *\/\r\nfunction dFV(c){\r\n if(!P.vFV)return;\r\n const B=bL(),mL=75;\r\n const len=Math.min(Math.abs(B)\/(P.B0*.3)*mL,mL);if(len<4)return;\r\n const dir=B>0?1:-1;\r\n \/* Dibujar ligeramente arriba del centro de la bobina *\/\r\n const ay=P.ly-16;\r\n const sx=P.lx-dir*5,ex=P.lx+dir*len;\r\n c.strokeStyle='#d4820a';c.fillStyle='#d4820a';c.lineWidth=3.5;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(sx,ay);c.lineTo(ex-dir*12,ay);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ex,ay);c.lineTo(ex-dir*14,ay-7);c.lineTo(ex-dir*14,ay+7);c.closePath();c.fill();\r\n c.font='700 11px IBM Plex Sans';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('\\u03A6\\u2097',P.lx+dir*len\/2,ay-12);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== VECTOR FLUJO ESPIRA (violeta) ====== *\/\r\nfunction dFVS(c){\r\n if(!P.vFS||Math.abs(P.cI)<.005)return;\r\n \/* La corriente inducida crea un campo que se opone al cambio de flujo (Lenz)\r\n curI > 0 (antihorario visto desde la derecha) \u2192 B_espira apunta a la DERECHA\r\n curI < 0 (horario visto desde la derecha) \u2192 B_espira apunta a la IZQUIERDA *\/\r\n const kB=180;\r\n const coilB=kB*P.cI;\r\n const mL=65;\r\n const len=Math.min(Math.abs(coilB)\/(P.B0*.3)*mL,mL);if(len<4)return;\r\n const dir=coilB>0?1:-1;\r\n \/* Dibujar ligeramente abajo del centro de la bobina *\/\r\n const ay=P.ly+16;\r\n const sx=P.lx-dir*5,ex=P.lx+dir*len;\r\n c.strokeStyle='#8e44ad';c.fillStyle='#8e44ad';c.lineWidth=3.5;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(sx,ay);c.lineTo(ex-dir*12,ay);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ex,ay);c.lineTo(ex-dir*14,ay-7);c.lineTo(ex-dir*14,ay+7);c.closePath();c.fill();\r\n c.font='700 11px IBM Plex Sans';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('\\u03A6\\u2091',P.lx+dir*len\/2,ay+16);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== CORRIENTE INDUCIDA (4 flechas grandes) ====== *\/\r\nfunction dCD(c){\r\n if(!P.vCD||Math.abs(P.cI)<.005)return;\r\n const cx=P.lx,cy=P.ly,rx=P.sD+12,ry=P.sR+10;\r\n const dir=P.cI>0?-1:1;\r\n const it=Math.min(Math.abs(P.cI)\/2,1);\r\n const nArr=4;\r\n for(let i=0;i<nArr;i++){\r\n const a=(i\/nArr)*Math.PI*2+P.t*.001*dir*it*2;\r\n const na=a+dir*.35;\r\n const x1=cx+rx*Math.cos(a),y1=cy+ry*Math.sin(a);\r\n const x2=cx+rx*Math.cos(na),y2=cy+ry*Math.sin(na);\r\n const dx=x2-x1,dy=y2-y1,dl=Math.sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy);if(dl<.1)continue;\r\n const nx=dx\/dl,ny=dy\/dl;\r\n \/* Flecha grande solida *\/\r\n const sz=12;\r\n const bx=x2-nx*sz,by=y2-ny*sz;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x2,y2);\r\n c.lineTo(bx-ny*sz*.55,by+nx*sz*.55);\r\n c.lineTo(bx-nx*sz*.25,by-ny*sz*.25);\r\n c.lineTo(bx+ny*sz*.55,by-nx*sz*.55);\r\n c.closePath();c.fillStyle='rgba(212,130,10,'+(0.6+it*.4)+')';c.fill();\r\n \/* Linea de la flecha *\/\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(212,130,10,'+(0.6+it*.4)+')';c.lineWidth=3;c.lineCap='round';\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x1,y1);c.lineTo(bx,by);c.stroke();\r\n }\r\n c.font='700 11px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='#d4820a';c.textAlign='center';\r\n c.fillText(P.cI>0?'ANTIHORARIO':'HORARIO',cx,cy-P.sR-32);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== ELECTRONES ====== *\/\r\nfunction dEL(c){\r\n if(!P.vEL||Math.abs(P.cI)<.001)return;\r\n const cx=P.lx,cy=P.ly,rx=P.sD,ry=P.sR,sp=-P.cI*.15;\r\n for(let i=0;i<P.nE;i++){\r\n P.eP[i]+=sp*P.dt*.001;const a=P.eP[i];\r\n const ex=cx+rx*Math.cos(a),ey=cy+ry*Math.sin(a);\r\n const g=c.createRadialGradient(ex,ey,0,ex,ey,6);\r\n g.addColorStop(0,'rgba(41,128,185,0.8)');g.addColorStop(.5,'rgba(41,128,185,0.3)');g.addColorStop(1,'rgba(41,128,185,0)');\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(ex,ey,6,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle=g;c.fill();\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(ex,ey,2,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#2980b9';c.fill();\r\n c.strokeStyle='#fff';c.lineWidth=.8;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ex-1.2,ey);c.lineTo(ex+1.2,ey);c.stroke();\r\n }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== GRILLA, DISTANCIA, VELOCIDAD ====== *\/\r\nfunction dGr(c){\r\n c.strokeStyle='#e6e3dc';c.lineWidth=.5;\r\n for(let x=0;x<=LW;x+=40){c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x,0);c.lineTo(x,LH);c.stroke();}\r\n for(let y=0;y<=LH;y+=40){c.beginPath();c.moveTo(0,y);c.lineTo(LW,y);c.stroke();}\r\n c.strokeStyle='#cec9c0';c.lineWidth=1;c.setLineDash([6,4]);c.beginPath();c.moveTo(60,P.ly);c.lineTo(LW-30,P.ly);c.stroke();c.setLineDash([]);\r\n}\r\nfunction dDI(c){\r\n const y=P.ly+P.sR+60;c.strokeStyle='#bbb';c.lineWidth=1;c.setLineDash([3,3]);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(P.lx,y);c.lineTo(P.mx,y);c.stroke();c.setLineDash([]);\r\n [P.lx,P.mx].forEach(x=>{c.beginPath();c.moveTo(x,y-4);c.lineTo(x,y+4);c.stroke();});\r\n c.font='500 9px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#aaa';c.textAlign='center';\r\n c.fillText('d = '+(Math.abs(P.mx-P.lx)*.1).toFixed(1)+' cm',(P.lx+P.mx)\/2,y-8);\r\n}\r\nfunction dVA(c){\r\n if(Math.abs(P.mv)<.5)return;\r\n const l=Math.min(Math.abs(P.mv)*4,60),d=P.mv>0?1:-1,ax=P.mx+d*(P.mw\/2+10),ay=P.my;\r\n c.strokeStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.55)';c.lineWidth=2;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ax,ay);c.lineTo(ax+d*l,ay);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ax+d*l,ay);c.lineTo(ax+d*(l-8),ay-5);c.lineTo(ax+d*(l-8),ay+5);c.closePath();c.fillStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.55)';c.fill();\r\n c.font='500 9px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.6)';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('v',ax+d*l\/2,ay-10);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== COMPONER ESCENA ====== *\/\r\nfunction dMain(){\r\n const c=mc;c.clearRect(0,0,LW,LH);c.fillStyle='#fafaf7';c.fillRect(0,0,LW,LH);\r\n dGr(c);dDI(c);dFL(c);dSol(c);dFV(c);dFVS(c);dCD(c);dEL(c);dMag(c);dVA(c);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== GALVANOMETRO ====== *\/\r\nfunction dGalv(){\r\n const c=gc,w=GW,h=GH;c.clearRect(0,0,w,h);\r\n const cx=w\/2,cy=h-12,rad=125;\r\n const bg=c.createLinearGradient(0,0,0,h);bg.addColorStop(0,'#f8f6f2');bg.addColorStop(1,'#e6e2da');\r\n c.fillStyle=bg;rR(c,4,4,w-8,h-8,10);c.fill();c.strokeStyle='#b0a99e';c.lineWidth=2;rR(c,4,4,w-8,h-8,10);c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy,rad+6,Math.PI,0);c.strokeStyle='#c8c0b5';c.lineWidth=3;c.stroke();\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy,rad,Math.PI,0);c.fillStyle='#fffef8';c.fill();c.strokeStyle='#a09890';c.lineWidth=1.5;c.stroke();\r\n const sR=rad-14;\r\n for(let i=0;i<=20;i++){\r\n const a=Math.PI+(i\/20)*Math.PI,mj=i%5===0,iR=mj?sR-13:sR-7;\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(cx+iR*Math.cos(a),cy+iR*Math.sin(a));c.lineTo(cx+sR*Math.cos(a),cy+sR*Math.sin(a));\r\n c.strokeStyle=mj?'#2c3e50':'#999';c.lineWidth=mj?2:1;c.stroke();\r\n if(mj){const v=((i\/20)*2-1)*5,lR=sR-22;c.font='500 9px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#2c3e50';c.textAlign='center';c.textBaseline='middle';\r\n c.fillText(v.toFixed(0),cx+lR*Math.cos(a),cy+lR*Math.sin(a));}\r\n }\r\n c.font='700 11px IBM Plex Sans';c.textAlign='center';\r\n c.fillStyle='#b83230';c.fillText('+',cx+rad*.65,cy-rad*.5);\r\n c.fillStyle='#1f6fa5';c.fillText('\\u2212',cx-rad*.65,cy-rad*.5);\r\n c.font='700 10px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#2c3e50';c.textBaseline='alphabetic';c.fillText('0',cx,cy-sR+4);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(cx,cy-sR-1);c.lineTo(cx-4,cy-sR-7);c.lineTo(cx+4,cy-sR-7);c.closePath();c.fillStyle='#2c3e50';c.fill();\r\n c.font='500 7px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillStyle='#bbb';c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('GALVANOMETRO',cx,cy-rad*.25);\r\n c.font='400 6px IBM Plex Sans';c.fillText('FISICA 2 \\u2014 FICA UNSL',cx,cy-rad*.13);\r\n for(let s=0;s<2;s++){const sa=s===0?Math.PI*.03:Math.PI*.97,ea=s===0?Math.PI*.13:Math.PI*.87;\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy,sR+2,sa,ea);c.strokeStyle='rgba(184,50,48,.25)';c.lineWidth=4;c.stroke();}\r\n\r\n const rA=(P.nA\/5)*(Math.PI\/2),nL=rad-18;\r\n c.save();c.translate(cx+1,cy+1);c.rotate(rA);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(0,3);c.lineTo(-2.5,-nL+8);c.lineTo(0,-nL);c.lineTo(2.5,-nL+8);c.closePath();\r\n c.fillStyle='rgba(0,0,0,.1)';c.fill();c.restore();\r\n c.save();c.translate(cx,cy);c.rotate(rA);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(0,4);c.lineTo(-2.8,-nL+8);c.lineTo(0,-nL-2);c.lineTo(2.8,-nL+8);c.closePath();\r\n c.fillStyle='#1a1a1a';c.fill();c.restore();\r\n c.save();c.translate(cx,cy);c.rotate(rA);\r\n c.beginPath();c.moveTo(-2,0);c.lineTo(-3.5,10);c.lineTo(0,12);c.lineTo(3.5,10);c.lineTo(2,0);c.closePath();\r\n c.fillStyle='#1a1a1a';c.fill();c.restore();\r\n const pv=c.createRadialGradient(cx-1,cy-1,0,cx,cy,5);pv.addColorStop(0,'#888');pv.addColorStop(1,'#222');\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy,5,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle=pv;c.fill();\r\n c.fillStyle='#2c3e50';c.fillRect(cx-25,cy+2,50,7);\r\n c.beginPath();c.arc(cx,cy+5,7,0,Math.PI);c.fillStyle='#34495e';c.fill();\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== GRAFICO ====== *\/\r\nfunction dGraph(){\r\n const c=rc,w=RW,h=RH;c.clearRect(0,0,w,h);c.fillStyle='#fafaf7';c.fillRect(0,0,w,h);\r\n const m={l:28,r:8,t:10,b:14},gw=w-m.l-m.r,gh=h-m.t-m.b,ox=m.l,oy=m.t,zy=oy+gh\/2;\r\n c.strokeStyle='#ccc';c.lineWidth=1;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ox,oy);c.lineTo(ox,oy+gh);c.lineTo(ox+gw,oy+gh);c.stroke();\r\n c.strokeStyle='#e0ddd7';c.setLineDash([3,3]);c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ox,zy);c.lineTo(ox+gw,zy);c.stroke();c.setLineDash([]);\r\n c.font='500 7px IBM Plex Mono';c.fillStyle='#999';c.textAlign='right';\r\n c.fillText('+',ox-4,oy+7);c.fillText('\\u2212',ox-4,oy+gh-1);c.fillText('0',ox-4,zy+3);\r\n c.textAlign='center';c.fillText('t',ox+gw+4,oy+gh+9);\r\n if(P.eH.length<2)return;const mE=Math.max(5,...P.eH.map(v=>Math.abs(v)));\r\n c.strokeStyle='#eee';c.lineWidth=.5;for(let i=1;i<4;i++){const y1=oy+(i\/4)*gh;c.beginPath();c.moveTo(ox,y1);c.lineTo(ox+gw,y1);c.stroke();}\r\n c.beginPath();const ln=P.eH.length;\r\n for(let i=0;i<ln;i++){const x=ox+(i\/P.mH)*gw,y=zy-(P.eH[i]\/mE)*(gh\/2);if(i===0)c.moveTo(x,y);else c.lineTo(x,y);}\r\n c.strokeStyle='#0d7377';c.lineWidth=1.5;c.stroke();\r\n const lx=ox+((ln-1)\/P.mH)*gw;c.lineTo(lx,zy);c.lineTo(ox,zy);c.closePath();c.fillStyle='rgba(13,115,119,.07)';c.fill();\r\n if(ln>0){const dy=zy-(P.eH[ln-1]\/mE)*(gh\/2);c.beginPath();c.arc(lx,dy,3,0,Math.PI*2);c.fillStyle='#0d7377';c.fill();}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== INTERACCION ====== *\/\r\nfunction gC(e){const r=mCv.getBoundingClientRect(),sx=LW\/r.width,sy=LH\/r.height,cx=e.touches?e.touches[0].clientX:e.clientX,cy=e.touches?e.touches[0].clientY:e.clientY;return{x:(cx-r.left)*sx,y:(cy-r.top)*sy};}\r\nfunction oM(px,py){const hw=P.mw\/2+12,hh=P.mh\/2+12;return px>P.mx-hw&&px<P.mx+hw&&py>P.my-hh&&py<P.my+hh;}\r\nmCv.addEventListener('mousedown',e=>{e.preventDefault();const p=gC(e);if(oM(p.x,p.y)){P.dr=true;P.dox=p.x-P.mx;P.doy=p.y-P.my;mCv.style.cursor='grabbing';if(P.hO){P.hO=false;document.getElementById('hint').style.opacity='0';}iAu();}});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('mousemove',e=>{e.preventDefault();const p=gC(e);if(P.dr){P.mx=Math.max(P.lx+P.sD+25,Math.min(LW-40,p.x-P.dox));}else{mCv.style.cursor=oM(p.x,p.y)?'grab':'default';}});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('mouseup',()=>{P.dr=false;mCv.style.cursor='default';});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('mouseleave',()=>{P.dr=false;mCv.style.cursor='default';});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('touchstart',e=>{e.preventDefault();const p=gC(e);if(oM(p.x,p.y)){P.dr=true;P.dox=p.x-P.mx;P.doy=p.y-P.my;if(P.hO){P.hO=false;document.getElementById('hint').style.opacity='0';}iAu();}},{passive:false});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('touchmove',e=>{e.preventDefault();if(P.dr){const p=gC(e);P.mx=Math.max(P.lx+P.sD+25,Math.min(LW-40,p.x-P.dox));}},{passive:false});\r\nmCv.addEventListener('touchend',()=>{P.dr=false;});\r\ndocument.addEventListener('keydown',e=>{if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'){P.mx=Math.max(P.lx+P.sD+25,P.mx-5);e.preventDefault();}if(e.key==='ArrowRight'){P.mx=Math.min(LW-40,P.mx+5);e.preventDefault();}});\r\n\r\n\/* ====== CONTROLES ====== *\/\r\ndocument.getElementById('bI').addEventListener('click',()=>{P.po*=-1;P.pF=cF();});\r\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.tl[data-t]').forEach(b=>{b.addEventListener('click',()=>{\r\n b.classList.toggle('on');const k=b.dataset.t;\r\n const mp={fl:'vFL',cd:'vCD',el:'vEL',xs:'vXS',fv:'vFV',fs:'vFS',ex:'vEX'};\r\n if(mp[k])P[mp[k]]=b.classList.contains('on');\r\n if(k==='ex')document.getElementById('eP').classList.toggle('vis',P.vEX);\r\n});});\r\ndocument.getElementById('sN').addEventListener('input',e=>{P.tn=parseInt(e.target.value);document.getElementById('vN').textContent=P.tn;});\r\ndocument.getElementById('tSl').addEventListener('click',function(){P.sl=!P.sl;this.classList.toggle('on',P.sl);});\r\ndocument.getElementById('tSn').addEventListener('click',function(){P.sn=!P.sn;this.classList.toggle('on',P.sn);if(P.sn)iAu();});\r\n\r\n\/* ====== AUDIO ====== *\/\r\nfunction iAu(){if(!P.aC)try{P.aC=new(AudioContext||webkitAudioContext)();}catch(e){P.sn=false;}}\r\nfunction pCl(i){if(!P.aC||!P.sn)return;const n=performance.now();if(n-P.lC<60)return;P.lC=n;\r\ntry{const o=P.aC.createOscillator(),g=P.aC.createGain();o.connect(g);g.connect(P.aC.destination);\r\no.frequency.value=500+Math.abs(i)*80;const v=Math.min(.04,Math.abs(i)*.008);\r\ng.gain.setValueAtTime(v,P.aC.currentTime);g.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(.001,P.aC.currentTime+.05);\r\no.start();o.stop(P.aC.currentTime+.05);}catch(e){}}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== EXPLICACION ====== *\/\r\nfunction uEx(){\r\n if(!P.vEX)return;const B=bL(),fl=P.fl,em=P.em,v=P.mv;\r\n const mv=Math.abs(v)>.3,ap=v<-.3,pL=P.po===1?'N':'S',fD=B>0?'derecha':'izquierda';\r\n let h='<h3>Analisis en tiempo real<\/h3>';\r\n if(!mv){h+='<p>El iman esta <strong>en reposo<\/strong>. No hay variacion de flujo.<\/p>';h+='<div class=\"fm\">\\u03B5 = \\u2212d\\u03A6\/dt = 0<\/div>';}\r\n else{const fc=ap?'aumentando':'disminuyendo';\r\n h+='<p>El iman se <strong>'+(ap?'acerca':'aleja')+'<\/strong> con polo <strong>'+pL+'<\/strong> hacia la bobina.<\/p>';\r\n h+='<p>El flujo magnetico del iman esta <strong>'+fc+'<\/strong> (apunta hacia la '+fD+').<\/p>';\r\n h+='<div class=\"fm\">\\u03B5 = \\u2212N \\u00B7 d\\u03A6\/dt<\/div>';\r\n if(Math.abs(em)>.01){\r\n const ld=em>0?'antihorario':'horario';\r\n const oDir=em>0?'derecha':'izquierda';\r\n h+='<p><strong>Ley de Lenz:<\/strong> la corriente inducida circula en sentido <strong>'+ld+'<\/strong>, generando un flujo propio hacia la <strong>'+oDir+'<\/strong> que se opone al '+fc+' del flujo del iman.<\/p>';\r\n }}\r\n h+='<div class=\"fm\">\\u03A6 = N\\u00B7B\\u00B7A = '+(fl*1000).toFixed(2)+' mWb<\/div>';\r\n document.getElementById('eC').innerHTML=h;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== DISPLAYS ====== *\/\r\nfunction uD(){\r\n const ev=P.em*.001,fv=P.fl*1000,iv=P.cI;\r\n document.getElementById('eD').textContent=(ev>=0?'+':'')+ev.toFixed(3)+' mV';\r\n document.getElementById('fD').textContent=fv.toFixed(3);\r\n document.getElementById('cD').textContent=iv.toFixed(2);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ====== MODO PRACTICA ====== *\/\r\ndocument.getElementById('btnP').addEventListener('click',()=>{P.pAc=true;document.getElementById('mod').classList.add('open');gCh();});\r\ndocument.getElementById('mX').addEventListener('click',()=>{P.pAc=false;document.getElementById('mod').classList.remove('open');});\r\ndocument.getElementById('pNw').addEventListener('click',gCh);\r\ndocument.querySelectorAll('[data-a]').forEach(b=>{b.addEventListener('click',()=>{if(P.pDo)return;cAn(b.dataset.a);});});\r\nfunction gCh(){\r\n P.pDo=false;document.getElementById('pFb').style.display='none';\r\n document.querySelectorAll('[data-a]').forEach(b=>{b.disabled=false;b.style.borderColor='';b.style.background='';b.style.opacity='1';});\r\n const sc=[\r\n {p:'N',a:'ap',d:'El iman se <strong>acerca<\/strong> con polo <strong>N<\/strong> hacia la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'N',a:'al',d:'El iman se <strong>aleja<\/strong> con polo <strong>N<\/strong> de la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'S',a:'ap',d:'El iman se <strong>acerca<\/strong> con polo <strong>S<\/strong> hacia la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'S',a:'al',d:'El iman se <strong>aleja<\/strong> con polo <strong>S<\/strong> de la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'N',a:'re',d:'El iman <strong>en reposo<\/strong> con polo <strong>N<\/strong> junto a la bobina.'},\r\n {p:'S',a:'re',d:'El iman <strong>en reposo<\/strong> con polo <strong>S<\/strong> junto a la bobina.'},\r\n ];\r\n const s=sc[Math.floor(Math.random()*sc.length)];\r\n document.getElementById('pSc').innerHTML=s.d;\r\n if(s.a==='re'){P.pAn='none';}\r\n else{const po=s.p==='N'?1:-1,ap=s.a==='ap';P.pAn=ap?(po===1?'ccw':'cw'):(po===1?'cw':'ccw');}\r\n}\r\nfunction cAn(a){\r\n P.pDo=true;P.pTo++;const ok=a===P.pAn;if(ok)P.pSc++;\r\n document.getElementById('pO').textContent=P.pSc;document.getElementById('pT').textContent=P.pTo;\r\n const fb=document.getElementById('pFb');fb.style.display='block';fb.className='pf '+(ok?'ok':'no');\r\n const dl=P.pAn==='ccw'?'antihorario':P.pAn==='cw'?'horario':'no hay corriente';\r\n if(ok)fb.innerHTML='<strong>Correcto!<\/strong> '+gEx();else fb.innerHTML='<strong>Incorrecto.<\/strong> Respuesta: <strong>'+dl+'<\/strong>. '+gEx();\r\n document.querySelectorAll('[data-a]').forEach(b=>{b.disabled=true;if(b.dataset.a===P.pAn){b.style.borderColor='#1e8449';b.style.background='#e8f8ef';}else if(b.dataset.a===a&&!ok){b.style.borderColor='#c0392b';b.style.background='#fdeaea';}});\r\n}\r\nfunction gEx(){\r\n if(P.pAn==='none')return 'Si el iman no se mueve, d\\u03A6\/dt = 0, no hay FEM inducida.';\r\n const cc=P.pAn==='ccw';return 'Ley de Lenz: la corriente se opone a la variacion de flujo. 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}\r\n .var { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; }\r\n .var.pos { color: #cf222e; }\r\n .var.neg { color: #0550ae; }\r\n .var.neu { color: #7d4e00; }\r\n .var.ok { color: #1a7f37; }\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"guia-panel\" id=\"guiaPanel\">\r\n <div class=\"guia-header\">\r\n <div class=\"guia-header-title\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 3h6a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v14a3 3 0 0 0-3-3H2z\"\/><path d=\"M22 3h-6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v14a3 3 0 0 1 3-3h7z\"\/><\/svg>\r\n Gu\u00eda de uso\r\n <\/div>\r\n <button class=\"guia-close\" onclick=\"toggleGuia()\">\u2715<\/button>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"guia-body\">\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; color: #333;\">\r\n<h3 style=\"color: #0056b3;\"> <span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000080;\"><strong>Inducci\u00f3n Electromagn\u00e9tica: Ley de Faraday y Ley de Lenz<\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #000080; font-size: 16px;\"> <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #ff0000;\"> <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<strong>Objetivo:<\/strong> Investigar los fen\u00f3menos de inducci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica mediante la interacci\u00f3n entre imanes y bobinas, analizando las variables que determinan la magnitud de la fuerza electromotriz (fem) inducida y verificando el principio de conservaci\u00f3n de la energ\u00eda a trav\u00e9s del sentido de la corriente.\r\n\r\n<strong>Descripci\u00f3n breve:<\/strong> Simulaci\u00f3n interactiva que permite explorar c\u00f3mo un flujo magn\u00e9tico variable en el tiempo genera una diferencia de potencial en un circuito cerrado. El simulador facilita la comprensi\u00f3n visual de las l\u00edneas de campo magn\u00e9tico, la variaci\u00f3n del flujo \\(\\Phi_B\\) y c\u00f3mo el signo negativo en la ecuaci\u00f3n representa la oposici\u00f3n natural descrita por la Ley de Lenz:\r\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0; background: #f0f4f8; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px;\">\\( \\varepsilon = - N \\frac{\\Delta \\Phi_B}{\\Delta t} \\quad \\text{donde} \\quad \\Phi_B = \\int \\vec{B} \\cdot d\\vec{A} \\)<\/div>\r\n<strong>C\u00f3mo usar (pasos):<\/strong>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 20px;\">\r\n \t<li>Seleccionar el entorno de experimentaci\u00f3n (un im\u00e1n individual o un sistema con m\u00faltiples bobinas de diferente n\u00famero de espiras \\(N\\)).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Desplazar el im\u00e1n permanente manualmente o de forma automatizada hacia el interior y exterior de la bobina, variando la velocidad del movimiento.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Observar la deflexi\u00f3n de la aguja del volt\u00edmetro virtual (magnitud y polaridad) y la intensidad del brillo de una l\u00e1mpara conectada al circuito.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Activar la visualizaci\u00f3n del medidor de l\u00edneas de campo para identificar c\u00f3mo cambia el n\u00famero de l\u00edneas que atraviesan el \u00e1rea de las espiras en cada instante \\(\\Delta t\\).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Analizar el sentido de las flechas de la corriente inducida al acercar el polo norte frente a cuando se acerca el polo sur, comprobando el efecto de oposici\u00f3n magn\u00e9tica (Ley de Lenz).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Par\u00e1metros ajustables:<\/strong> Fuerza del im\u00e1n permanente (porcentaje de magnetizaci\u00f3n), n\u00famero de espiras en la bobina (\\(N\\)), \u00e1rea transversal de las espiras y sentido de los polos del im\u00e1n.\r\n<p style=\"background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #0056b3;\"><strong>Resultados esperados \/ observaciones:<\/strong> Se comprueba que no se induce corriente si el im\u00e1n permanece en reposo, confirmando que se requiere un flujo *variable*. La magnitud de la fem es directamente proporcional a la velocidad del movimiento y al n\u00famero de espiras. El sentido de la corriente inducida siempre genera un campo magn\u00e9tico propio que intenta frenar el avance o la retirada del im\u00e1n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<button class=\"btn-guia\" onclick=\"toggleGuia()\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M2 3h6a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v14a3 3 0 0 0-3-3H2z\"\/><path d=\"M22 3h-6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v14a3 3 0 0 1 3-3h7z\"\/><\/svg>\r\n Gu\u00eda de uso\r\n<\/button>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n function toggleGuia() {\r\n document.getElementById('guiaPanel').classList.toggle('visible');\r\n }\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ley de Faraday-Lenz Ley de Faraday-Lenz Induccion Electromagnetica \u2014 FISICA 2 Modo Practica Arrastra el iman Galvanometro FEM Inducida+0.000 mVΦ: 0.000 mWbI: 0.00 mA Grafico…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7591","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n<title>Ley_Faraday_Ley_Lenz - 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