Laboratorio de Capacitores \u2014 Diel\u00e9ctrico<\/title>\n<style>\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n :root {\n --bg-dark: #0f172a; --bg-panel: #111827; --bg-input: #1f2937;\n --border: #374151; --text: #e5e7eb; --text-muted: #9ca3af;\n --amber: #f59e0b; --emerald: #10b981; --purple: #a855f7;\n --cyan: #06b6d4; --red: #ef4444; --blue: #60a5fa;\n }\n body {\n font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;\n background: var(--bg-dark); color: var(--text); overflow: hidden; height: 100vh;\n }\n .cap-sim { display: flex; flex-direction: column; height: 100vh; }\n .cap-header {\n flex-shrink: 0; background: linear-gradient(to right, #1e293b, #1f2937, #1e293b);\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08); padding: 10px 16px; text-align: center;\n }\n .cap-header h1 { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.5px; }\n .cap-header .title-amber { color: var(--amber); }\n .cap-header .title-sep { color: #6b7280; margin: 0 8px; }\n .cap-header .title-green { color: var(--emerald); }\n .cap-body { display: flex; flex: 1; min-height: 0; flex-direction: column; }\n @media (min-width: 900px) { .cap-body { flex-direction: row; } }\n .cap-canvas-wrap { flex: 1; min-height: 300px; position: relative; }\n .cap-canvas-wrap canvas { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; display: block; }\n .cap-sidebar {\n flex-shrink: 0; width: 100%; max-height: 50vh; overflow-y: auto;\n background: rgba(17,24,39,0.85); backdrop-filter: blur(6px);\n border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06); padding: 16px;\n }\n @media (min-width: 900px) { .cap-sidebar { width: 300px; max-height: none; } }\n .cap-section { border-left: 2px solid var(--border); padding-left: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n .cap-section.amber { border-color: rgba(245,158,11,0.3); }\n .cap-section-title {\n font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\n margin-bottom: 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px;\n }\n .cap-section.amber .cap-section-title { color: var(--amber); }\n .ctrl-slider { margin-bottom: 12px; }\n .ctrl-slider-header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 5px; }\n .ctrl-slider-header label { font-size: 11px; color: var(--text-muted); }\n .ctrl-slider-header .ctrl-val {\n font-size: 11px; color: var(--amber); font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;\n font-weight: 600; background: rgba(245,158,11,0.1); padding: 1px 6px; border-radius: 3px;\n }\n input[type=\"range\"] {\n -webkit-appearance: none; appearance: none; width: 100%; height: 6px;\n background: var(--bg-input); border-radius: 3px; outline: none; cursor: pointer;\n }\n input[type=\"range\"]::-webkit-slider-thumb {\n -webkit-appearance: none; appearance: none; width: 16px; height: 16px;\n border-radius: 50%; background: var(--amber); border: 2px solid var(--bg-dark);\n box-shadow: 0 0 4px rgba(245,158,11,0.4); cursor: pointer; transition: transform 0.15s;\n }\n input[type=\"range\"]::-webkit-slider-thumb:hover { transform: scale(1.2); }\n input[type=\"range\"]::-moz-range-thumb {\n width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--amber);\n border: 2px solid var(--bg-dark); cursor: pointer;\n }\n .ctrl-select { margin-bottom: 12px; }\n .ctrl-select label { display: block; font-size: 11px; color: var(--text-muted); margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .ctrl-select select {\n width: 100%; background: var(--bg-input); border: 1px solid var(--border);\n color: var(--text); font-size: 12px; padding: 6px 10px; border-radius: 6px;\n cursor: pointer; outline: none;\n }\n .ctrl-select select:focus { border-color: var(--amber); }\n .ctrl-select select option { background: var(--bg-input); color: var(--text); }\n .ctrl-chk { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 6px; }\n .ctrl-chk input[type=\"checkbox\"] {\n -webkit-appearance: none; appearance: none; width: 16px; height: 16px;\n border: 1.5px solid #6b7280; border-radius: 3px; background: transparent;\n cursor: pointer; position: relative; flex-shrink: 0;\n }\n .ctrl-chk input[type=\"checkbox\"]:checked { background: var(--amber); border-color: var(--amber); }\n .ctrl-chk input[type=\"checkbox\"]:checked::after {\n content: ''; position: absolute; left: 4px; top: 1px; width: 5px; height: 9px;\n border: solid var(--bg-dark); border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; transform: rotate(45deg);\n }\n .ctrl-chk label { font-size: 11px; color: var(--text-muted); cursor: pointer; user-select: none; }\n .ctrl-divider { border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06); padding-top: 10px; margin-top: 8px; }\n .ctrl-indent { padding-left: 12px; border-left: 2px solid rgba(245,158,11,0.2); margin-left: 4px; }\n .switch-row {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;\n padding: 8px 10px; background: rgba(31,41,55,0.6); border-radius: 6px;\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);\n }\n .switch-row .switch-label { font-size: 11px; color: var(--text-muted); flex: 1; }\n .switch-row .switch-status { font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 2px 6px; border-radius: 3px; }\n .switch-row .switch-status.on { background: rgba(16,185,129,0.2); color: #10b981; }\n .switch-row .switch-status.off { background: rgba(239,68,68,0.2); color: #ef4444; }\n .toggle-switch {\n position: relative; width: 40px; height: 22px; flex-shrink: 0; cursor: pointer;\n }\n .toggle-switch input { opacity: 0; width: 0; height: 0; }\n .toggle-track {\n position: absolute; inset: 0; background: #374151; border-radius: 11px;\n transition: background 0.3s;\n }\n .toggle-switch input:checked + .toggle-track { background: #10b981; }\n .toggle-knob {\n position: absolute; top: 2px; left: 2px; width: 18px; height: 18px;\n background: #fff; border-radius: 50%; transition: transform 0.3s;\n box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\n }\n .toggle-switch input:checked ~ .toggle-knob { transform: translateX(18px); }\n .fisar-logo-wrap {\n text-align: center; padding: 16px 0 8px 0; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06); margin-top: 12px;\n }\n .fisar-logo-wrap img { max-width: 180px; width: 100%; opacity: 0.85; }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div class=\"cap-sim\">\n <header class=\"cap-header\">\n <h1>\n <span class=\"title-amber\">Laboratorio de Capacitores<\/span>\n <span class=\"title-sep\">\u2014<\/span>\n <span class=\"title-green\">Diel\u00e9ctrico<\/span>\n <\/h1>\n <\/header>\n\n <div class=\"cap-body\">\n <div class=\"cap-canvas-wrap\" id=\"canvasWrap\">\n <canvas id=\"simCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n <\/div>\n\n <aside class=\"cap-sidebar\">\n <div class=\"cap-section amber\">\n <div class=\"cap-section-title\">Controles<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"switch-row\">\n <span class=\"switch-label\">Bater\u00eda<\/span>\n <span class=\"switch-status on\" id=\"batStatus\">CONECTADA<\/span>\n <label class=\"toggle-switch\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"batSwitch\" checked>\n <span class=\"toggle-track\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"toggle-knob\"><\/span>\n <\/label>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>Separaci\u00f3n de placas (d)<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"sepVal\">5 mm<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"sepSlider\" min=\"1\" max=\"20\" step=\"0.5\" value=\"5\">\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>\u00c1rea de placas (A)<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"areaVal\">100 cm\u00b2<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"areaSlider\" min=\"50\" max=\"500\" step=\"10\" value=\"100\">\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\" id=\"voltSliderWrap\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>Voltaje de bater\u00eda (V)<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"voltVal\">1.5 V<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"voltSlider\" min=\"0\" max=\"10\" step=\"0.1\" value=\"1.5\">\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-select\">\n <label>Material diel\u00e9ctrico<\/label>\n <select id=\"matSelect\">\n <option value=\"aire\">Aire (\u03ba = 1)<\/option>\n <option value=\"papel\">Papel (\u03ba = 3.5)<\/option>\n <option value=\"vidrio\">Vidrio (\u03ba = 5)<\/option>\n <option value=\"agua\">Agua (\u03ba = 80)<\/option>\n <option value=\"custom\">Personalizado<\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-indent\" id=\"customKappaWrap\" style=\"display:none;\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>\u03ba personalizado<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"kCustomVal\">1.0<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"kCustomSlider\" min=\"1\" max=\"100\" step=\"0.5\" value=\"1\">\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>Posici\u00f3n del diel\u00e9ctrico<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"dPosVal\">0%<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"dPosSlider\" min=\"0\" max=\"100\" step=\"1\" value=\"0\">\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ctrl-divider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkQ\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkQ\">Cargas en las placas<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkP\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkP\">Polarizaci\u00f3n del diel\u00e9ctrico<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-divider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkE0\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkE0\" style=\"color:#22d3ee;\">E\u2080 \u2014 Campo de cargas libres<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkEi\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkEi\" style=\"color:#f87171;\">E\u1d62 \u2014 Campo inducido<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkEr\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkEr\" style=\"color:#4ade80;\">E \u2014 Campo resultante<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"fisar-logo-wrap\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/fisica2.fica.unsl.edu.ar\/index.php\/FISAR_SIM\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"FISAR_SIM_1\" alt=\"FISAR Logo\" class=\"header-logo\"><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/aside>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\nvar EPSILON_0 = 8.854e-12;\n\nvar MATERIALS = {\n aire: { name: 'Aire', kappa: 1.0, fill: 'rgba(180,200,230,0.08)', fillHi: 'rgba(180,200,230,0.14)', border: 'rgba(180,200,230,0.20)', label: 'rgba(180,200,230,0.5)', accent: '#b4c8e6' },\n papel: { name: 'Papel', kappa: 3.5, fill: 'rgba(255,220,100,0.32)', fillHi: 'rgba(255,220,100,0.42)', border: 'rgba(255,210,60,0.55)', label: 'rgba(255,210,60,0.85)', accent: '#ffd244' },\n vidrio: { name: 'Vidrio', kappa: 5.0, fill: 'rgba(100,200,255,0.28)', fillHi: 'rgba(100,200,255,0.38)', border: 'rgba(80,180,255,0.55)', label: 'rgba(100,200,255,0.85)', accent: '#64c8ff' },\n agua: { name: 'Agua', kappa: 80.0, fill: 'rgba(50,140,255,0.32)', fillHi: 'rgba(50,140,255,0.42)', border: 'rgba(40,120,255,0.55)', label: 'rgba(50,140,255,0.85)', accent: '#328cff' },\n custom: { name: 'Personalizado', kappa: 1.0, fill: 'rgba(140,255,140,0.28)', fillHi: 'rgba(140,255,140,0.38)', border: 'rgba(100,255,100,0.55)', label: 'rgba(140,255,140,0.85)', accent: '#8cff8c' },\n};\n\nvar state = {\n sep: 5, area: 100, volt: 1.5,\n mat: 'aire', kCustom: 1, dPos: 0,\n showQ: true, showP: true,\n showE0: true, showEi: true, showEr: true,\n connected: true, \/\/ bater\u00eda conectada\n lockedQ: 0, \/\/ carga almacenada al desconectar\n lockedV: 0, \/\/ voltaje almacenado al desconectar\n};\n\nfunction calcCapacitance() {\n var d = state.sep \/ 1000;\n var a = state.area \/ 10000;\n var k = state.mat === 'custom' ? state.kCustom : MATERIALS[state.mat].kappa;\n var frac = state.dPos \/ 100;\n var kEff = frac * k + (1 - frac);\n return kEff * EPSILON_0 * a \/ d;\n}\n\nfunction getKEff() {\n var k = state.mat === 'custom' ? state.kCustom : MATERIALS[state.mat].kappa;\n var frac = state.dPos \/ 100;\n return frac * k + (1 - frac);\n}\n\nfunction calcPhysics() {\n var d = state.sep \/ 1000;\n var a = state.area \/ 10000;\n var C = calcCapacitance();\n var k = state.mat === 'custom' ? state.kCustom : MATERIALS[state.mat].kappa;\n var frac = state.dPos \/ 100;\n var kEff = getKEff();\n\n var V, Q;\n if (state.connected) {\n \/\/ Conectado: V fijo por bater\u00eda, Q = CV\n V = state.volt;\n Q = C * V;\n } else {\n \/\/ Desconectado: Q fijo (carga atrapada), V = Q\/C\n Q = state.lockedQ;\n V = C > 0 ? Q \/ C : 0;\n }\n\n var E0 = Q \/ (EPSILON_0 * a); \/\/ Campo debido a las cargas libres (Q\/epsilon_0*A)\n var E = E0 \/ kEff; \/\/ Campo resultante (reducido por el diel\u00e9ctrico)\n var Ei = E0 - E; \/\/ Campo inducido (se opone a E0 en el diel\u00e9ctrico)\n return { C: C, Q: Q, U: 0.5 * C * V * V, E0: E0, Ei: Ei, E: E, V: V, kEff: kEff, k: k, frac: frac };\n}\n\nfunction fmt(val, u) {\n var a = Math.abs(val);\n if (a === 0) return '0 ' + u;\n if (a >= 1) return val.toFixed(3) + ' ' + u;\n if (a >= 1e-3) return (val * 1e3).toFixed(3) + ' m' + u;\n if (a >= 1e-6) return (val * 1e6).toFixed(3) + ' \\u00B5' + u;\n if (a >= 1e-9) return (val * 1e9).toFixed(3) + ' n' + u;\n if (a >= 1e-12) return (val * 1e12).toFixed(3) + ' p' + u;\n return val.toExponential(3) + ' ' + u;\n}\n\nfunction fmtE(val) {\n var a = Math.abs(val);\n if (a === 0) return '0 V\/m';\n if (a >= 1e6) return (val \/ 1e6).toFixed(2) + ' MV\/m';\n if (a >= 1e3) return (val \/ 1e3).toFixed(2) + ' kV\/m';\n return val.toFixed(2) + ' V\/m';\n}\n\nfunction rRect(ctx, x, y, w, h, r) {\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(x + r, y); ctx.lineTo(x + w - r, y);\n ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x + w, y, x + w, y + r); ctx.lineTo(x + w, y + h - r);\n ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x + w, y + h, x + w - r, y + h); ctx.lineTo(x + r, y + h);\n ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x, y + h, x, y + h - r); ctx.lineTo(x, y + r);\n ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x, y, x + r, y); ctx.closePath();\n}\n\nfunction drawFieldArrow(ctx, x, y, size, color, direction) {\n var dir = direction || 1;\n ctx.save();\n ctx.strokeStyle = color; ctx.lineWidth = 1.8;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(x - size * 0.7 * dir, y);\n ctx.lineTo(x + size * 0.4 * dir, y);\n ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = color;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(x + size * 0.7 * dir, y);\n ctx.lineTo(x + size * 0.25 * dir, y - size * 0.35);\n ctx.lineTo(x + size * 0.25 * dir, y + size * 0.35);\n ctx.closePath(); ctx.fill();\n ctx.restore();\n}\n\nfunction drawCharge(ctx, x, y, positive, alpha, sz) {\n sz = sz || 6;\n var r = sz;\n var fg = positive ? 'rgba(239,68,68,' + alpha + ')' : 'rgba(96,165,250,' + alpha + ')';\n var bg = positive ? 'rgba(127,29,29,' + (alpha * 0.5) + ')' : 'rgba(30,58,138,' + (alpha * 0.5) + ')';\n ctx.fillStyle = bg;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(x, y, r, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = fg; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(x, y, r, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = fg;\n ctx.font = 'bold ' + Math.round(r * 1.5) + 'px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText(positive ? '+' : '\\u2212', x, y + 0.5);\n}\n\nfunction drawMeterBar(ctx, x, y, w, h, pct, color, label, unit, sublabel) {\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(30,41,59,0.85)';\n rRect(ctx, x, y, w, h, 4); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.12)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, x, y, w, h, 4); ctx.stroke();\n var fillW = Math.max(0, Math.min(w - 4, (w - 4) * pct));\n if (fillW > 0) {\n ctx.fillStyle = color;\n rRect(ctx, x + 2, y + 2, fillW, h - 4, 3); ctx.fill();\n }\n if (sublabel) {\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.75)';\n ctx.font = 'bold 10px sans-serif'; ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top';\n ctx.fillText(label, x + 6, y + 3);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.45)';\n ctx.font = '8px sans-serif'; ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n ctx.fillText(sublabel, x + 6, y + h - 3);\n } else {\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.75)';\n ctx.font = '10px sans-serif'; ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText(label, x + 6, y + h \/ 2);\n }\n ctx.fillStyle = '#fff'; ctx.font = 'bold 9px monospace';\n ctx.textAlign = 'right'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText(unit, x + w - 6, y + h \/ 2);\n}\n\n\/\/ \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n\/\/ MAIN DRAW\n\/\/ \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\nfunction draw(ctx, W, H, t) {\n var ph = calcPhysics();\n var ms = MATERIALS[state.mat];\n var frac = ph.frac;\n var k = ph.k;\n var isConnected = state.connected;\n var effectiveV = ph.V;\n\n \/\/ Background\n var bg = ctx.createRadialGradient(W * 0.4, H * 0.45, 0, W * 0.4, H * 0.45, W * 0.8);\n bg.addColorStop(0, '#1a2744'); bg.addColorStop(1, '#0f172a');\n ctx.fillStyle = bg; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, W, H);\n\n \/\/ Grid dots\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.015)';\n for (var gx = 0; gx < W; gx += 20)\n for (var gy = 0; gy < H; gy += 20)\n ctx.fillRect(gx, gy, 1, 1);\n\n \/\/ Layout\n var cx = W * 0.46, cy = H * 0.42;\n var aScale = Math.sqrt(state.area \/ 100);\n var pH = Math.min(H * 0.42, 220) * Math.min(aScale, 1.8);\n var pW = 14;\n var sNorm = (state.sep - 1) \/ 19;\n var sepPx = 80 + sNorm * (Math.min(W * 0.36, 280) - 80);\n var lx = cx - sepPx \/ 2;\n var rx = cx + sepPx \/ 2;\n var pT = cy - pH \/ 2;\n var pB = cy + pH \/ 2;\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 BATTERY \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var bx = Math.max(52, W * 0.07), by = cy, bW = 40, bH = 64;\n\n if (isConnected) {\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0,0,0,0.35)';\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2 + 3, by - bH \/ 2 + 3, bW, bH, 5); ctx.fill();\n var bGrad = ctx.createLinearGradient(bx - bW \/ 2, by, bx + bW \/ 2, by);\n bGrad.addColorStop(0, '#374151'); bGrad.addColorStop(0.3, '#4b5563');\n bGrad.addColorStop(0.7, '#4b5563'); bGrad.addColorStop(1, '#374151');\n ctx.fillStyle = bGrad;\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2, by - bH \/ 2, bW, bH, 5); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#6b7280'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2, by - bH \/ 2, bW, bH, 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#d97706';\n rRect(ctx, bx - 7, by - bH \/ 2 - 8, 14, 10, 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#b45309'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, bx - 7, by - bH \/ 2 - 8, 14, 10, 2); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#6b7280';\n rRect(ctx, bx - 5, by + bH \/ 2 - 2, 10, 8, 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.font = 'bold 18px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('+', bx, by - bH \/ 2 - 20);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#60a5fa'; ctx.font = 'bold 20px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('\\u2212', bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 20);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#fbbf24'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px monospace';\n ctx.fillText(state.volt.toFixed(1) + 'V', bx, by);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.4)'; ctx.font = '10px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('Bater\\u00EDa', bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 38);\n } else {\n \/\/ Bater\u00eda desconectada: dibujar en gris\n ctx.globalAlpha = 0.35;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0,0,0,0.35)';\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2 + 3, by - bH \/ 2 + 3, bW, bH, 5); ctx.fill();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#374151';\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2, by - bH \/ 2, bW, bH, 5); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#4b5563'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2, by - bH \/ 2, bW, bH, 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#555';\n rRect(ctx, bx - 7, by - bH \/ 2 - 8, 14, 10, 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#555';\n rRect(ctx, bx - 5, by + bH \/ 2 - 2, 10, 8, 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillStyle = '#666'; ctx.font = 'bold 18px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('+', bx, by - bH \/ 2 - 20);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#666'; ctx.font = 'bold 20px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('\\u2212', bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 20);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#777'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px monospace';\n ctx.fillText('0.0V', bx, by);\n ctx.globalAlpha = 1;\n\n \/\/ Etiqueta desconectada\n ctx.fillStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.font = 'bold 10px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('DESCONECTADA', bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 38);\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 WIRES \u2500\u2500\u2500\n ctx.strokeStyle = isConnected ? '#9ca3af' : '#4b5563';\n ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;\n ctx.lineCap = 'round'; ctx.lineJoin = 'round';\n var wTopY = pT - 35, wBotY = pB + 35;\n\n \/\/ Puntos de conexi\u00f3n del switch en el cable superior\n var swGapX1 = bx + 28, swGapX2 = bx + 48;\n var swY = wTopY;\n\n if (isConnected) {\n \/\/ Cable superior completo: Battery+ \u2192 up \u2192 switch closed \u2192 right plate\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(bx, by - bH \/ 2 - 8); ctx.lineTo(bx, wTopY);\n ctx.lineTo(rx + pW \/ 2, wTopY); ctx.lineTo(rx + pW \/ 2, pT); ctx.stroke();\n } else {\n \/\/ Cable superior con GAP del switch abierto\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(bx, by - bH \/ 2 - 8); ctx.lineTo(bx, wTopY);\n ctx.lineTo(swGapX1, wTopY); ctx.stroke();\n \/\/ Lado derecho del gap\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(swGapX2, wTopY);\n ctx.lineTo(rx + pW \/ 2, wTopY); ctx.lineTo(rx + pW \/ 2, pT); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Dibujar switch abierto\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(swGapX1, swY); ctx.lineTo(swGapX2, swY - 14); ctx.stroke();\n \/\/ Contactos del switch\n ctx.fillStyle = '#9ca3af';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(swGapX1, swY, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(swGapX2, swY, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n \/\/ Etiqueta\n ctx.fillStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.font = 'bold 9px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n ctx.fillText('ABIERTO', (swGapX1 + swGapX2) \/ 2, swY - 16);\n }\n\n \/\/ Cable inferior: Battery\u2212 \u2192 down \u2192 right \u2192 left plate\n ctx.strokeStyle = isConnected ? '#9ca3af' : '#4b5563';\n ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 6); ctx.lineTo(bx, wBotY);\n ctx.lineTo(lx - pW \/ 2, wBotY); ctx.lineTo(lx - pW \/ 2, pB); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Wire connection dots\n ctx.fillStyle = isConnected ? '#9ca3af' : '#4b5563';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(rx + pW \/ 2, pT, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(lx - pW \/ 2, pB, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 ANIMATED CURRENT DOTS \u2014 ANTICLOCKWISE (solo si conectado) \u2500\u2500\u2500\n if (isConnected && state.volt > 0.01) {\n var dotAlpha = Math.min(0.8, state.volt \/ 4);\n var speed = t * 60;\n function drawDots(segs, count) {\n var totalLen = 0;\n var segLens = segs.map(function(s) { var l = Math.hypot(s.ex - s.sx, s.ey - s.sy); totalLen += l; return l; });\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(251,191,36,' + dotAlpha + ')';\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {\n var prog = ((speed + i * totalLen \/ count) % totalLen);\n var acc = 0;\n for (var si = 0; si < segs.length; si++) {\n if (prog <= segLens[si] + acc + 0.01) {\n var p = (prog - acc) \/ segLens[si];\n var ddx = segs[si].sx + p * (segs[si].ex - segs[si].sx);\n var ddy = segs[si].sy + p * (segs[si].ey - segs[si].sy);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(ddx, ddy, 2.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n break;\n }\n acc += segLens[si];\n }\n }\n }\n \/\/ Top wire: right plate \u2192 up \u2192 left \u2192 down to Battery+ (electrons go left = antihorario)\n var topSegs = [\n { sx: rx + pW \/ 2, sy: pT, ex: rx + pW \/ 2, ey: wTopY },\n { sx: rx + pW \/ 2, sy: wTopY, ex: bx, ey: wTopY },\n { sx: bx, sy: wTopY, ex: bx, ey: by - bH \/ 2 - 8 },\n ];\n \/\/ Bottom wire: Battery\u2212 \u2192 down \u2192 right \u2192 up to left plate (electrons go right = antihorario)\n var botSegs = [\n { sx: bx, sy: by + bH \/ 2 + 6, ex: bx, ey: wBotY },\n { sx: bx, sy: wBotY, ex: lx - pW \/ 2, ey: wBotY },\n { sx: lx - pW \/ 2, sy: wBotY, ex: lx - pW \/ 2, ey: pB },\n ];\n drawDots(topSegs, 5);\n drawDots(botSegs, 5);\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 PLATES \u2014 ANTICLOCKWISE: RIGHT=positive, LEFT=negative \u2500\u2500\u2500\n function drawPlate(x, isPos) {\n var depth = 6;\n ctx.fillStyle = '#374151';\n if (isPos) ctx.fillRect(x + pW \/ 2, pT + depth, depth, pH);\n else ctx.fillRect(x - pW \/ 2 - depth, pT + depth, depth, pH);\n var g = ctx.createLinearGradient(x - pW \/ 2, 0, x + pW \/ 2, 0);\n g.addColorStop(0, '#4b5563'); g.addColorStop(0.2, '#8b95a3');\n g.addColorStop(0.5, '#b0b8c4'); g.addColorStop(0.8, '#8b95a3');\n g.addColorStop(1, '#4b5563');\n ctx.fillStyle = g; ctx.fillRect(x - pW \/ 2, pT, pW, pH);\n var glowX = isPos ? x - pW \/ 2 : x + pW \/ 2;\n var glowG = ctx.createLinearGradient(glowX, pT, glowX + (isPos ? -8 : 8), pT);\n glowG.addColorStop(0, isPos ? 'rgba(239,68,68,0.30)' : 'rgba(96,165,250,0.30)');\n glowG.addColorStop(1, 'transparent');\n ctx.fillStyle = glowG;\n ctx.fillRect(isPos ? x - pW \/ 2 : x + pW \/ 2 - 8, pT, 8, pH);\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#6b7280'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n ctx.strokeRect(x - pW \/ 2, pT, pW, pH);\n }\n drawPlate(rx, true); \/\/ Right plate = POSITIVE\n drawPlate(lx, false); \/\/ Left plate = NEGATIVE\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 DIELECTRIC \u2500\u2500\u2500\n if (frac > 0.005) {\n var dW = sepPx * frac;\n var dX = lx + pW \/ 2;\n var dPad = 4;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0,0,0,0.15)';\n ctx.fillRect(dX + 3, pT + dPad + 3, dW, pH - dPad * 2);\n var dG = ctx.createLinearGradient(dX, pT, dX + dW, pT);\n dG.addColorStop(0, ms.fill); dG.addColorStop(0.3, ms.fillHi);\n dG.addColorStop(0.7, ms.fillHi); dG.addColorStop(1, ms.fill);\n ctx.fillStyle = dG;\n ctx.fillRect(dX, pT + dPad, dW, pH - dPad * 2);\n ctx.strokeStyle = ms.border; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.strokeRect(dX, pT + dPad, dW, pH - dPad * 2);\n ctx.save(); ctx.globalAlpha = 0.05; ctx.strokeStyle = '#fff'; ctx.lineWidth = 0.5;\n for (var hx = dX; hx < dX + dW + pH; hx += 10) {\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(hx, pT + dPad); ctx.lineTo(hx - pH * 0.4, pB - dPad); ctx.stroke();\n }\n ctx.restore();\n if (dW > 45) {\n ctx.fillStyle = ms.label; ctx.font = 'bold 12px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n var nm = state.mat === 'custom' ? '\\u03BA = ' + state.kCustom.toFixed(1) : ms.name;\n ctx.fillText(nm, dX + dW \/ 2, pT + dPad - 6);\n }\n var gripX = dX + dW - 3;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.25)';\n for (var gy2 = pT + dPad + 15; gy2 < pB - dPad - 10; gy2 += 12) {\n rRect(ctx, gripX - 4, gy2, 8, 3, 1); ctx.fill();\n }\n \/\/ Polarization\n if (state.showP && effectiveV > 0.01) {\n var sp = 20, dLen = 9;\n var sX = dX + sp \/ 2 + 5, eX = dX + dW - sp \/ 2 - 5;\n for (var dx = sX; dx <= eX; dx += sp) {\n for (var dy = pT + dPad + sp; dy < pB - dPad - sp \/ 2; dy += sp) {\n var pulse = Math.sin(t * 2.5 + dx * 0.03 + dy * 0.03) * 0.2;\n var al = Math.min(0.85, effectiveV \/ 3) * (0.55 + pulse);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(96,165,250,' + al + ')';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(dx + dLen \/ 2, dy, 2.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(239,68,68,' + al + ')';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(dx - dLen \/ 2, dy, 2.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,' + (al * 0.35) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 0.8;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(dx + dLen \/ 2, dy); ctx.lineTo(dx - dLen \/ 2, dy); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(239,68,68,' + (al * 0.6) + ')';\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(dx - dLen \/ 2, dy);\n ctx.lineTo(dx - dLen \/ 2 + 3.5, dy - 2.5);\n ctx.lineTo(dx - dLen \/ 2 + 3.5, dy + 2.5);\n ctx.closePath(); ctx.fill();\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 ELECTRIC FIELD VISUALIZATIONS \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var innerL = lx + pW \/ 2, innerR = rx - pW \/ 2;\n var gapPx = innerR - innerL;\n \/\/ Normalizamos los campos para la visualizaci\u00f3n\n var maxEfield = Math.max(ph.E0, 1);\n var e0Norm = Math.min(1, ph.E0 \/ maxEfield);\n var eNorm = Math.min(1, ph.E \/ maxEfield);\n var eiNorm = Math.min(1, ph.Ei \/ maxEfield);\n\n if (effectiveV > 0.01) {\n var nLines = Math.max(4, Math.round(8 * Math.min(1.2, ph.E0 \/ 600)));\n var lSp = pH \/ (nLines + 1);\n var dielectricEnd = innerL + sepPx * frac;\n var vacuumStart = dielectricEnd;\n\n \/\/ E\u2080: Campo de las cargas libres (cyan, \u2192)\n if (state.showE0) {\n for (var i = 1; i <= nLines; i++) {\n var y = pT + i * lSp;\n var e0Alpha = Math.min(0.7, ph.E0 \/ 400);\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(34,211,238,' + (e0Alpha * 0.4) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n ctx.setLineDash([6, 3]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(innerL + 3, y); ctx.lineTo(innerR - 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n var nA = Math.max(1, Math.floor(gapPx \/ 60));\n for (var a = 0; a < nA; a++) {\n var ax = innerL + (a + 0.5) * gapPx \/ nA;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax, y, 8, 'rgba(34,211,238,' + e0Alpha + ')', 1);\n }\n }\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(34,211,238,0.8)'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('E\\u2080 \\u2192', rx + pW \/ 2 + 14, pT + lSp * 0.5);\n }\n\n \/\/ E\u1d62: Campo inducido (red, \u2190 in dielectric)\n if (state.showEi && frac > 0.005 && k > 1.01) {\n var eiStrength = 1 - 1 \/ ph.kEff;\n var nEiLines = Math.max(3, Math.round(nLines * Math.min(1, frac * 1.5)));\n var eiSp = (pH * Math.min(1, frac * 1.5)) \/ (nEiLines + 1);\n var eiOffset = pT + pH * (1 - Math.min(1, frac * 1.5)) \/ 2;\n for (var i = 1; i <= nEiLines; i++) {\n var y = eiOffset + i * eiSp;\n var eiAlpha = Math.min(0.7, ph.Ei \/ 400);\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(248,113,113,' + (eiAlpha * 0.5) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n ctx.setLineDash([4, 4]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(dielectricEnd - 3, y); ctx.lineTo(innerL + 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n var dLen2 = (dielectricEnd - innerL);\n if (dLen2 > 30) {\n var nA2 = Math.max(1, Math.floor(dLen2 \/ 55));\n for (var a2 = 0; a2 < nA2; a2++) {\n var ax2 = innerL + (a2 + 0.5) * dLen2 \/ nA2;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax2, y, 7, 'rgba(248,113,113,' + eiAlpha + ')', -1);\n }\n }\n }\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(248,113,113,0.8)'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('E\\u1D62 \\u2190', rx + pW \/ 2 + 14, pT + lSp * 1.2);\n }\n\n \/\/ E: Campo resultante (green, \u2192)\n if (state.showEr) {\n for (var i = 1; i <= nLines; i++) {\n var y = pT + i * lSp;\n var erAlpha = Math.min(0.8, ph.E \/ 300);\n if (frac > 0.005 && k > 1.01) {\n var reducedAlpha = Math.min(0.8, (ph.E0 \/ k) \/ 300);\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,' + (reducedAlpha * 0.5) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(innerL + 3, y); ctx.lineTo(dielectricEnd - 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n var dLen3 = dielectricEnd - innerL;\n if (dLen3 > 30) {\n var nA3 = Math.max(1, Math.floor(dLen3 \/ 55));\n for (var a3 = 0; a3 < nA3; a3++) {\n var ax3 = innerL + (a3 + 0.5) * dLen3 \/ nA3;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax3, y, 8, 'rgba(74,222,128,' + reducedAlpha + ')', 1);\n }\n }\n }\n if (frac < 0.995) {\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,' + (erAlpha * 0.5) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(vacuumStart + 3, y); ctx.lineTo(innerR - 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n var vLen = innerR - vacuumStart;\n if (vLen > 30) {\n var nA4 = Math.max(1, Math.floor(vLen \/ 55));\n for (var a4 = 0; a4 < nA4; a4++) {\n var ax4 = vacuumStart + (a4 + 0.5) * vLen \/ nA4;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax4, y, 8, 'rgba(74,222,128,' + erAlpha + ')', 1);\n }\n }\n }\n if (frac < 0.005) {\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,' + (erAlpha * 0.5) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(innerL + 3, y); ctx.lineTo(innerR - 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n var nA5 = Math.max(1, Math.floor(gapPx \/ 55));\n for (var a5 = 0; a5 < nA5; a5++) {\n var ax5 = innerL + (a5 + 0.5) * gapPx \/ nA5;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax5, y, 8, 'rgba(74,222,128,' + erAlpha + ')', 1);\n }\n }\n }\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,0.9)'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('E \\u2192', rx + pW \/ 2 + 14, pT + lSp * 1.9);\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 CHARGES ON PLATES \u2500\u2500\u2500\n if (state.showQ && effectiveV > 0.01) {\n var qNorm = Math.abs(ph.Q) \/ 1e-10;\n var qN = Math.min(20, Math.max(4, Math.round(4 + 12 * Math.min(1, qNorm \/ 3))));\n var qSp = pH \/ (qN + 1);\n for (var i = 1; i <= qN; i++) {\n var y = pT + i * qSp;\n var pulse = Math.sin(t * 2 + i * 0.4) * 0.12;\n drawCharge(ctx, rx - pW \/ 2 - 1, y, true, 0.85 + pulse, 6);\n drawCharge(ctx, lx + pW \/ 2 + 1, y, false, 0.85 + pulse, 6);\n }\n ctx.save();\n ctx.font = 'bold 11px monospace';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(239,68,68,0.9)';\n var qLabel = 'Q = ' + fmt(ph.Q, 'C');\n ctx.fillText('+ ' + qLabel, rx, pB + 16);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(96,165,250,0.9)';\n ctx.fillText('\\u2212 ' + qLabel, lx, pB + 16);\n ctx.restore();\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 DIMENSION LABELS \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var dimY = pB + 38;\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.25)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.setLineDash([]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(lx, dimY - 5); ctx.lineTo(lx, dimY + 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(rx, dimY - 5); ctx.lineTo(rx, dimY + 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(lx, dimY); ctx.lineTo(rx, dimY); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.25)';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(lx + 7, dimY); ctx.lineTo(lx, dimY - 3); ctx.lineTo(lx, dimY + 3); ctx.closePath(); ctx.fill();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(rx - 7, dimY); ctx.lineTo(rx, dimY - 3); ctx.lineTo(rx, dimY + 3); ctx.closePath(); ctx.fill();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.5)'; ctx.font = '11px monospace';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top';\n ctx.fillText('d = ' + state.sep + ' mm', cx, dimY + 8);\n ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n ctx.fillText('A = ' + state.area + ' cm\\u00B2', cx, pT - 38);\n ctx.font = 'bold 16px sans-serif'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(96,165,250,0.75)'; ctx.fillText('\\u2212', lx, pT - 12);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(239,68,68,0.75)'; ctx.fillText('+', rx, pT - 12);\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 VOLTMETRO \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var vmCx = cx, vmCy = pT - 80;\n var vmR = 28;\n \/\/ Cables del volt\u00edmetro a las placas\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(251,146,60,0.5)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n ctx.setLineDash([4, 3]);\n \/\/ Cable desde placa derecha (+) al volt\u00edmetro\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(rx, pT - 12); ctx.lineTo(rx, vmCy); ctx.lineTo(vmCx + vmR + 4, vmCy); ctx.stroke();\n \/\/ Cable desde placa izquierda (\u2212) al volt\u00edmetro\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(lx, pT - 12); ctx.lineTo(lx, vmCy); ctx.lineTo(vmCx - vmR - 4, vmCy); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n\n \/\/ C\u00edrculo del volt\u00edmetro\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.9)';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(vmCx, vmCy, vmR, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#f97316'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(vmCx, vmCy, vmR, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Escala arco del volt\u00edmetro (de -130\u00b0 a -50\u00b0)\n var arcStart = -130 * Math.PI \/ 180, arcEnd = -50 * Math.PI \/ 180;\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.15)'; ctx.lineWidth = 3;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(vmCx, vmCy, vmR - 6, arcStart, arcEnd); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Marcas de escala\n for (var mk = 0; mk <= 10; mk++) {\n var mkAngle = arcStart + (arcEnd - arcStart) * mk \/ 10;\n var mkInner = vmR - 10, mkOuter = vmR - 5;\n ctx.strokeStyle = mk % 5 === 0 ? 'rgba(255,255,255,0.5)' : 'rgba(255,255,255,0.2)';\n ctx.lineWidth = mk % 5 === 0 ? 1.5 : 0.8;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(vmCx + Math.cos(mkAngle) * mkInner, vmCy + Math.sin(mkAngle) * mkInner);\n ctx.lineTo(vmCx + Math.cos(mkAngle) * mkOuter, vmCy + Math.sin(mkAngle) * mkOuter);\n ctx.stroke();\n }\n\n \/\/ Aguja del volt\u00edmetro\n var vPct = Math.min(1, effectiveV \/ 10);\n var needleAngle = arcStart + (arcEnd - arcStart) * vPct;\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(vmCx, vmCy);\n ctx.lineTo(vmCx + Math.cos(needleAngle) * (vmR - 8), vmCy + Math.sin(needleAngle) * (vmR - 8));\n ctx.stroke();\n \/\/ Centro de la aguja\n ctx.fillStyle = '#f97316';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(vmCx, vmCy, 3, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n\n \/\/ S\u00edmbolo V dentro del c\u00edrculo\n ctx.fillStyle = '#f97316'; ctx.font = 'bold 11px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('V', vmCx, vmCy + 12);\n\n \/\/ Lectura digital del volt\u00edmetro \u2014 arriba a la derecha del circuito\n var vmReadX = rx + pW \/ 2 + 20, vmReadY = vmCy - vmR - 4;\n var vmReadW = 78, vmReadH = 38;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.92)';\n rRect(ctx, vmReadX, vmReadY, vmReadW, vmReadH, 5); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#f97316'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.2;\n rRect(ctx, vmReadX, vmReadY, vmReadW, vmReadH, 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.4)'; ctx.font = '8px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top';\n ctx.fillText('Volt\\u00EDmetro', vmReadX + vmReadW \/ 2, vmReadY + 3);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#fbbf24'; ctx.font = 'bold 13px monospace';\n ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n ctx.fillText(effectiveV.toFixed(2) + ' V', vmReadX + vmReadW \/ 2, vmReadY + vmReadH - 4);\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 MEDICIONES PANEL (central canvas) \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var mX = W - 220, mY = 14, mW = 205, mHs = 22, mHl = 30, mSpS = 27, mSpL = 35;\n var maxC = 100 * EPSILON_0 * (500 \/ 10000) \/ (1 \/ 1000);\n var maxQ = maxC * 10;\n var maxU = 0.5 * maxC * 100;\n var maxE = 10000;\n\n \/\/ Calculate total panel height\n var totalRows = 8;\n var panelH = mSpS * 4 + mSpL * 3 + mSpS + 20;\n\n \/\/ Panel background\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.8)';\n rRect(ctx, mX - 8, mY - 8, mW + 16, panelH, 8); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.1)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, mX - 8, mY - 8, mW + 16, panelH, 8); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Title\n ctx.fillStyle = isConnected ? '#10b981' : '#ef4444';\n ctx.font = 'bold 11px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top';\n ctx.fillText(isConnected ? 'MEDICIONES' : 'MEDICIONES (Q=cte)', mX + 2, mY - 4);\n\n var rowY = mY + 10;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, Math.min(1, ph.C \/ maxC), '#22c55e', 'C', fmt(ph.C, 'F')); rowY += mSpS;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, Math.min(1, Math.abs(ph.Q) \/ maxQ), '#eab308', 'Q', fmt(ph.Q, 'C')); rowY += mSpS;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, Math.min(1, ph.U \/ maxU), '#a855f7', 'U', fmt(ph.U, 'J')); rowY += mSpS;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, effectiveV \/ 10, '#f97316', 'V', effectiveV.toFixed(2) + ' V'); rowY += mSpS;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHl, Math.min(1, ph.E0 \/ maxE), '#22d3ee', 'E\\u2080', fmtE(ph.E0), 'Campo de cargas libres'); rowY += mSpL;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHl, Math.min(1, ph.Ei \/ maxE), '#f87171', 'E\\u1D62', fmtE(ph.Ei), 'Campo el\\u00E9c. inducido'); rowY += mSpL;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHl, Math.min(1, ph.E \/ maxE), '#4ade80', 'E', fmtE(ph.E), 'Campo el\\u00E9c. resultante'); rowY += mSpL;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, Math.min(1, (ph.kEff - 1) \/ 99), '#60a5fa', 'Ke', ph.kEff.toFixed(4));\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 FIELD LEGEND \u2500\u2500\u2500\n if (effectiveV > 0.01) {\n var legX = 12, legY = H - 100;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.75)';\n rRect(ctx, legX, legY, 220, 90, 6); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.08)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, legX, legY, 220, 90, 6); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.font = 'bold 11px sans-serif'; ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n if (state.showE0) { ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(34,211,238,0.9)'; ctx.fillText('\\u2192 E\\u2080 = ' + fmtE(ph.E0) + ' (vac\\u00EDo)', legX + 10, legY + 18); }\n if (state.showEi) { ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(248,113,113,0.9)'; ctx.fillText('\\u2190 E\\u1D62 = ' + fmtE(ph.Ei) + ' (inducido)', legX + 10, legY + 45); }\n if (state.showEr) { ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,0.9)'; ctx.fillText('\\u2192 E = ' + fmtE(ph.E) + ' (resultante)', legX + 10, legY + 72); }\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 FORMULA BAR \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var fY = H - 50;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.75)';\n rRect(ctx, 8, fY, W - 16, 42, 6); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.08)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, 8, fY, W - 16, 42, 6); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.5)'; ctx.font = '11px monospace';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n var formulas;\n if (isConnected) {\n formulas = [\n 'C = ' + fmt(ph.C, 'F'),\n 'Q = ' + fmt(ph.Q, 'C'),\n 'E\\u2080 = ' + fmtE(ph.E0),\n 'E\\u1D62 = ' + fmtE(ph.Ei),\n 'E = ' + fmtE(ph.E),\n ];\n } else {\n formulas = [\n 'C = ' + fmt(ph.C, 'F'),\n 'Q = ' + fmt(ph.Q, 'C') + ' (cte)',\n 'V = ' + effectiveV.toFixed(2) + ' V',\n 'E\\u2080 = ' + fmtE(ph.E0),\n 'E = ' + fmtE(ph.E),\n ];\n }\n var fSpacing = (W - 32) \/ formulas.length;\n formulas.forEach(function(f, idx) { ctx.fillText(f, 18 + idx * fSpacing, fY + 21); });\n}\n\n\/\/ \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n\/\/ INIT\n\/\/ \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n(function init() {\n var canvas = document.getElementById('simCanvas');\n var wrap = document.getElementById('canvasWrap');\n var batSwitch = document.getElementById('batSwitch');\n var batStatus = document.getElementById('batStatus');\n var voltSlider = document.getElementById('voltSlider');\n var voltSliderWrap = document.getElementById('voltSliderWrap');\n\n function resize() {\n var r = wrap.getBoundingClientRect();\n var dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;\n canvas.width = r.width * dpr;\n canvas.height = r.height * dpr;\n canvas.style.width = r.width + 'px';\n canvas.style.height = r.height + 'px';\n var c = canvas.getContext('2d');\n if (c) c.scale(dpr, dpr);\n }\n\n resize();\n window.addEventListener('resize', resize);\n if (typeof ResizeObserver !== 'undefined') { new ResizeObserver(resize).observe(wrap); }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 INTERRUPTOR DE BATER\u00cdA \u2500\u2500\u2500\n batSwitch.addEventListener('change', function() {\n if (this.checked) {\n \/\/ Reconectar: V vuelve al valor de la bater\u00eda, Q se recalcula\n state.connected = true;\n batStatus.textContent = 'CONECTADA';\n batStatus.className = 'switch-status on';\n voltSlider.disabled = false;\n voltSliderWrap.style.opacity = '1';\n } else {\n \/\/ Desconectar: bloquear Q actual\n var ph = calcPhysics();\n state.connected = false;\n state.lockedQ = ph.Q;\n state.lockedV = ph.V;\n batStatus.textContent = 'DESCONECTADA';\n batStatus.className = 'switch-status off';\n voltSlider.disabled = true;\n voltSliderWrap.style.opacity = '0.4';\n }\n });\n\n var sliders = {\n sepSlider: { key: 'sep', display: 'sepVal', suffix: ' mm', decimals: 0 },\n areaSlider: { key: 'area', display: 'areaVal', suffix: ' cm\\u00B2', decimals: 0 },\n voltSlider: { key: 'volt', display: 'voltVal', suffix: ' V', decimals: 1 },\n kCustomSlider: { key: 'kCustom', display: 'kCustomVal', suffix: '', decimals: 1 },\n dPosSlider: { key: 'dPos', display: 'dPosVal', suffix: '%', decimals: 0 },\n };\n\n Object.keys(sliders).forEach(function(id) {\n var el = document.getElementById(id);\n if (!el) return;\n var cfg = sliders[id];\n el.addEventListener('input', function() {\n state[cfg.key] = parseFloat(this.value);\n var val = cfg.decimals > 0 ? state[cfg.key].toFixed(cfg.decimals) : state[cfg.key];\n document.getElementById(cfg.display).textContent = val + cfg.suffix;\n });\n });\n\n document.getElementById('matSelect').addEventListener('change', function() {\n state.mat = this.value;\n document.getElementById('customKappaWrap').style.display = this.value === 'custom' ? 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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\nLaboratorio de Capacitores \u2014 Diel\u00e9ctrico<\/title>\n<style>\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n :root {\n --bg-dark: #0f172a; --bg-panel: #111827; --bg-input: #1f2937;\n --border: #374151; --text: #e5e7eb; --text-muted: #9ca3af;\n --amber: #f59e0b; --emerald: #10b981; --purple: #a855f7;\n --cyan: #06b6d4; --red: #ef4444; --blue: #60a5fa;\n }\n body {\n font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;\n background: var(--bg-dark); color: var(--text); overflow: hidden; height: 100vh;\n }\n .cap-sim { display: flex; flex-direction: column; height: 100vh; }\n .cap-header {\n flex-shrink: 0; background: linear-gradient(to right, #1e293b, #1f2937, #1e293b);\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08); padding: 10px 16px; text-align: center;\n }\n .cap-header h1 { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.5px; }\n .cap-header .title-amber { color: var(--amber); }\n .cap-header .title-sep { color: #6b7280; margin: 0 8px; }\n .cap-header .title-green { color: var(--emerald); }\n .cap-body { display: flex; flex: 1; min-height: 0; flex-direction: column; }\n @media (min-width: 900px) { .cap-body { flex-direction: row; } }\n .cap-canvas-wrap { flex: 1; min-height: 300px; position: relative; }\n .cap-canvas-wrap canvas { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; display: block; }\n .cap-sidebar {\n flex-shrink: 0; width: 100%; max-height: 50vh; overflow-y: auto;\n background: rgba(17,24,39,0.85); backdrop-filter: blur(6px);\n border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06); padding: 16px;\n }\n @media (min-width: 900px) { .cap-sidebar { width: 300px; max-height: none; } }\n .cap-section { border-left: 2px solid var(--border); padding-left: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n .cap-section.amber { border-color: rgba(245,158,11,0.3); }\n .cap-section-title {\n font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;\n margin-bottom: 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px;\n }\n .cap-section.amber .cap-section-title { color: var(--amber); }\n .ctrl-slider { margin-bottom: 12px; }\n .ctrl-slider-header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 5px; }\n .ctrl-slider-header label { font-size: 11px; color: var(--text-muted); }\n .ctrl-slider-header .ctrl-val {\n font-size: 11px; color: var(--amber); font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;\n font-weight: 600; background: rgba(245,158,11,0.1); padding: 1px 6px; border-radius: 3px;\n }\n input[type=\"range\"] {\n -webkit-appearance: none; appearance: none; width: 100%; height: 6px;\n background: var(--bg-input); border-radius: 3px; outline: none; cursor: pointer;\n }\n input[type=\"range\"]::-webkit-slider-thumb {\n -webkit-appearance: none; appearance: none; width: 16px; height: 16px;\n border-radius: 50%; background: var(--amber); border: 2px solid var(--bg-dark);\n box-shadow: 0 0 4px rgba(245,158,11,0.4); cursor: pointer; transition: transform 0.15s;\n }\n input[type=\"range\"]::-webkit-slider-thumb:hover { transform: scale(1.2); }\n input[type=\"range\"]::-moz-range-thumb {\n width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--amber);\n border: 2px solid var(--bg-dark); cursor: pointer;\n }\n .ctrl-select { margin-bottom: 12px; }\n .ctrl-select label { display: block; font-size: 11px; color: var(--text-muted); margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .ctrl-select select {\n width: 100%; background: var(--bg-input); border: 1px solid var(--border);\n color: var(--text); font-size: 12px; padding: 6px 10px; border-radius: 6px;\n cursor: pointer; outline: none;\n }\n .ctrl-select select:focus { border-color: var(--amber); }\n .ctrl-select select option { background: var(--bg-input); color: var(--text); }\n .ctrl-chk { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 6px; }\n .ctrl-chk input[type=\"checkbox\"] {\n -webkit-appearance: none; appearance: none; width: 16px; height: 16px;\n border: 1.5px solid #6b7280; border-radius: 3px; background: transparent;\n cursor: pointer; position: relative; flex-shrink: 0;\n }\n .ctrl-chk input[type=\"checkbox\"]:checked { background: var(--amber); border-color: var(--amber); }\n .ctrl-chk input[type=\"checkbox\"]:checked::after {\n content: ''; position: absolute; left: 4px; top: 1px; width: 5px; height: 9px;\n border: solid var(--bg-dark); border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; transform: rotate(45deg);\n }\n .ctrl-chk label { font-size: 11px; color: var(--text-muted); cursor: pointer; user-select: none; }\n .ctrl-divider { border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06); padding-top: 10px; margin-top: 8px; }\n .ctrl-indent { padding-left: 12px; border-left: 2px solid rgba(245,158,11,0.2); margin-left: 4px; }\n .switch-row {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;\n padding: 8px 10px; background: rgba(31,41,55,0.6); border-radius: 6px;\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);\n }\n .switch-row .switch-label { font-size: 11px; color: var(--text-muted); flex: 1; }\n .switch-row .switch-status { font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 2px 6px; border-radius: 3px; }\n .switch-row .switch-status.on { background: rgba(16,185,129,0.2); color: #10b981; }\n .switch-row .switch-status.off { background: rgba(239,68,68,0.2); color: #ef4444; }\n .toggle-switch {\n position: relative; width: 40px; height: 22px; flex-shrink: 0; cursor: pointer;\n }\n .toggle-switch input { opacity: 0; width: 0; height: 0; }\n .toggle-track {\n position: absolute; inset: 0; background: #374151; border-radius: 11px;\n transition: background 0.3s;\n }\n .toggle-switch input:checked + .toggle-track { background: #10b981; }\n .toggle-knob {\n position: absolute; top: 2px; left: 2px; width: 18px; height: 18px;\n background: #fff; border-radius: 50%; transition: transform 0.3s;\n box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\n }\n .toggle-switch input:checked ~ .toggle-knob { transform: translateX(18px); }\n .fisar-logo-wrap {\n text-align: center; padding: 16px 0 8px 0; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06); margin-top: 12px;\n }\n .fisar-logo-wrap img { max-width: 180px; width: 100%; opacity: 0.85; }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div class=\"cap-sim\">\n <header class=\"cap-header\">\n <h1>\n <span class=\"title-amber\">Laboratorio de Capacitores<\/span>\n <span class=\"title-sep\">\u2014<\/span>\n <span class=\"title-green\">Diel\u00e9ctrico<\/span>\n <\/h1>\n <\/header>\n\n <div class=\"cap-body\">\n <div class=\"cap-canvas-wrap\" id=\"canvasWrap\">\n <canvas id=\"simCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n <\/div>\n\n <aside class=\"cap-sidebar\">\n <div class=\"cap-section amber\">\n <div class=\"cap-section-title\">Controles<\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"switch-row\">\n <span class=\"switch-label\">Bater\u00eda<\/span>\n <span class=\"switch-status on\" id=\"batStatus\">CONECTADA<\/span>\n <label class=\"toggle-switch\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"batSwitch\" checked>\n <span class=\"toggle-track\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"toggle-knob\"><\/span>\n <\/label>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>Separaci\u00f3n de placas (d)<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"sepVal\">5 mm<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"sepSlider\" min=\"1\" max=\"20\" step=\"0.5\" value=\"5\">\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>\u00c1rea de placas (A)<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"areaVal\">100 cm\u00b2<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"areaSlider\" min=\"50\" max=\"500\" step=\"10\" value=\"100\">\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\" id=\"voltSliderWrap\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>Voltaje de bater\u00eda (V)<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"voltVal\">1.5 V<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"voltSlider\" min=\"0\" max=\"10\" step=\"0.1\" value=\"1.5\">\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-select\">\n <label>Material diel\u00e9ctrico<\/label>\n <select id=\"matSelect\">\n <option value=\"aire\">Aire (\u03ba = 1)<\/option>\n <option value=\"papel\">Papel (\u03ba = 3.5)<\/option>\n <option value=\"vidrio\">Vidrio (\u03ba = 5)<\/option>\n <option value=\"agua\">Agua (\u03ba = 80)<\/option>\n <option value=\"custom\">Personalizado<\/option>\n <\/select>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-indent\" id=\"customKappaWrap\" style=\"display:none;\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>\u03ba personalizado<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"kCustomVal\">1.0<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"kCustomSlider\" min=\"1\" max=\"100\" step=\"0.5\" value=\"1\">\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-slider-header\">\n <label>Posici\u00f3n del diel\u00e9ctrico<\/label>\n <span class=\"ctrl-val\" id=\"dPosVal\">0%<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <input type=\"range\" id=\"dPosSlider\" min=\"0\" max=\"100\" step=\"1\" value=\"0\">\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ctrl-divider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkQ\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkQ\">Cargas en las placas<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkP\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkP\">Polarizaci\u00f3n del diel\u00e9ctrico<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-divider\">\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkE0\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkE0\" style=\"color:#22d3ee;\">E\u2080 \u2014 Campo de cargas libres<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkEi\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkEi\" style=\"color:#f87171;\">E\u1d62 \u2014 Campo inducido<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"ctrl-chk\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"chkEr\" checked>\n <label for=\"chkEr\" style=\"color:#4ade80;\">E \u2014 Campo resultante<\/label>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"fisar-logo-wrap\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/fisica2.fica.unsl.edu.ar\/index.php\/FISAR_SIM\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"FISAR_SIM_1\" alt=\"FISAR Logo\" class=\"header-logo\"><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/aside>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\nvar EPSILON_0 = 8.854e-12;\n\nvar MATERIALS = {\n aire: { name: 'Aire', kappa: 1.0, fill: 'rgba(180,200,230,0.08)', fillHi: 'rgba(180,200,230,0.14)', border: 'rgba(180,200,230,0.20)', label: 'rgba(180,200,230,0.5)', accent: '#b4c8e6' },\n papel: { name: 'Papel', kappa: 3.5, fill: 'rgba(255,220,100,0.32)', fillHi: 'rgba(255,220,100,0.42)', border: 'rgba(255,210,60,0.55)', label: 'rgba(255,210,60,0.85)', accent: '#ffd244' },\n vidrio: { name: 'Vidrio', kappa: 5.0, fill: 'rgba(100,200,255,0.28)', fillHi: 'rgba(100,200,255,0.38)', border: 'rgba(80,180,255,0.55)', label: 'rgba(100,200,255,0.85)', accent: '#64c8ff' },\n agua: { name: 'Agua', kappa: 80.0, fill: 'rgba(50,140,255,0.32)', fillHi: 'rgba(50,140,255,0.42)', border: 'rgba(40,120,255,0.55)', label: 'rgba(50,140,255,0.85)', accent: '#328cff' },\n custom: { name: 'Personalizado', kappa: 1.0, fill: 'rgba(140,255,140,0.28)', fillHi: 'rgba(140,255,140,0.38)', border: 'rgba(100,255,100,0.55)', label: 'rgba(140,255,140,0.85)', accent: '#8cff8c' },\n};\n\nvar state = {\n sep: 5, area: 100, volt: 1.5,\n mat: 'aire', kCustom: 1, dPos: 0,\n showQ: true, showP: true,\n showE0: true, showEi: true, showEr: true,\n connected: true, \/\/ bater\u00eda conectada\n lockedQ: 0, \/\/ carga almacenada al desconectar\n lockedV: 0, \/\/ voltaje almacenado al desconectar\n};\n\nfunction calcCapacitance() {\n var d = state.sep \/ 1000;\n var a = state.area \/ 10000;\n var k = state.mat === 'custom' ? state.kCustom : MATERIALS[state.mat].kappa;\n var frac = state.dPos \/ 100;\n var kEff = frac * k + (1 - frac);\n return kEff * EPSILON_0 * a \/ d;\n}\n\nfunction getKEff() {\n var k = state.mat === 'custom' ? state.kCustom : MATERIALS[state.mat].kappa;\n var frac = state.dPos \/ 100;\n return frac * k + (1 - frac);\n}\n\nfunction calcPhysics() {\n var d = state.sep \/ 1000;\n var a = state.area \/ 10000;\n var C = calcCapacitance();\n var k = state.mat === 'custom' ? state.kCustom : MATERIALS[state.mat].kappa;\n var frac = state.dPos \/ 100;\n var kEff = getKEff();\n\n var V, Q;\n if (state.connected) {\n \/\/ Conectado: V fijo por bater\u00eda, Q = CV\n V = state.volt;\n Q = C * V;\n } else {\n \/\/ Desconectado: Q fijo (carga atrapada), V = Q\/C\n Q = state.lockedQ;\n V = C > 0 ? Q \/ C : 0;\n }\n\n var E0 = Q \/ (EPSILON_0 * a); \/\/ Campo debido a las cargas libres (Q\/epsilon_0*A)\n var E = E0 \/ kEff; \/\/ Campo resultante (reducido por el diel\u00e9ctrico)\n var Ei = E0 - E; \/\/ Campo inducido (se opone a E0 en el diel\u00e9ctrico)\n return { C: C, Q: Q, U: 0.5 * C * V * V, E0: E0, Ei: Ei, E: E, V: V, kEff: kEff, k: k, frac: frac };\n}\n\nfunction fmt(val, u) {\n var a = Math.abs(val);\n if (a === 0) return '0 ' + u;\n if (a >= 1) return val.toFixed(3) + ' ' + u;\n if (a >= 1e-3) return (val * 1e3).toFixed(3) + ' m' + u;\n if (a >= 1e-6) return (val * 1e6).toFixed(3) + ' \\u00B5' + u;\n if (a >= 1e-9) return (val * 1e9).toFixed(3) + ' n' + u;\n if (a >= 1e-12) return (val * 1e12).toFixed(3) + ' p' + u;\n return val.toExponential(3) + ' ' + u;\n}\n\nfunction fmtE(val) {\n var a = Math.abs(val);\n if (a === 0) return '0 V\/m';\n if (a >= 1e6) return (val \/ 1e6).toFixed(2) + ' MV\/m';\n if (a >= 1e3) return (val \/ 1e3).toFixed(2) + ' kV\/m';\n return val.toFixed(2) + ' V\/m';\n}\n\nfunction rRect(ctx, x, y, w, h, r) {\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(x + r, y); ctx.lineTo(x + w - r, y);\n ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x + w, y, x + w, y + r); ctx.lineTo(x + w, y + h - r);\n ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x + w, y + h, x + w - r, y + h); ctx.lineTo(x + r, y + h);\n ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x, y + h, x, y + h - r); ctx.lineTo(x, y + r);\n ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x, y, x + r, y); ctx.closePath();\n}\n\nfunction drawFieldArrow(ctx, x, y, size, color, direction) {\n var dir = direction || 1;\n ctx.save();\n ctx.strokeStyle = color; ctx.lineWidth = 1.8;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(x - size * 0.7 * dir, y);\n ctx.lineTo(x + size * 0.4 * dir, y);\n ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = color;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(x + size * 0.7 * dir, y);\n ctx.lineTo(x + size * 0.25 * dir, y - size * 0.35);\n ctx.lineTo(x + size * 0.25 * dir, y + size * 0.35);\n ctx.closePath(); ctx.fill();\n ctx.restore();\n}\n\nfunction drawCharge(ctx, x, y, positive, alpha, sz) {\n sz = sz || 6;\n var r = sz;\n var fg = positive ? 'rgba(239,68,68,' + alpha + ')' : 'rgba(96,165,250,' + alpha + ')';\n var bg = positive ? 'rgba(127,29,29,' + (alpha * 0.5) + ')' : 'rgba(30,58,138,' + (alpha * 0.5) + ')';\n ctx.fillStyle = bg;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(x, y, r, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = fg; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(x, y, r, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = fg;\n ctx.font = 'bold ' + Math.round(r * 1.5) + 'px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText(positive ? '+' : '\\u2212', x, y + 0.5);\n}\n\nfunction drawMeterBar(ctx, x, y, w, h, pct, color, label, unit, sublabel) {\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(30,41,59,0.85)';\n rRect(ctx, x, y, w, h, 4); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.12)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, x, y, w, h, 4); ctx.stroke();\n var fillW = Math.max(0, Math.min(w - 4, (w - 4) * pct));\n if (fillW > 0) {\n ctx.fillStyle = color;\n rRect(ctx, x + 2, y + 2, fillW, h - 4, 3); ctx.fill();\n }\n if (sublabel) {\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.75)';\n ctx.font = 'bold 10px sans-serif'; ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top';\n ctx.fillText(label, x + 6, y + 3);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.45)';\n ctx.font = '8px sans-serif'; ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n ctx.fillText(sublabel, x + 6, y + h - 3);\n } else {\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.75)';\n ctx.font = '10px sans-serif'; ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText(label, x + 6, y + h \/ 2);\n }\n ctx.fillStyle = '#fff'; ctx.font = 'bold 9px monospace';\n ctx.textAlign = 'right'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText(unit, x + w - 6, y + h \/ 2);\n}\n\n\/\/ \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n\/\/ MAIN DRAW\n\/\/ \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\nfunction draw(ctx, W, H, t) {\n var ph = calcPhysics();\n var ms = MATERIALS[state.mat];\n var frac = ph.frac;\n var k = ph.k;\n var isConnected = state.connected;\n var effectiveV = ph.V;\n\n \/\/ Background\n var bg = ctx.createRadialGradient(W * 0.4, H * 0.45, 0, W * 0.4, H * 0.45, W * 0.8);\n bg.addColorStop(0, '#1a2744'); bg.addColorStop(1, '#0f172a');\n ctx.fillStyle = bg; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, W, H);\n\n \/\/ Grid dots\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.015)';\n for (var gx = 0; gx < W; gx += 20)\n for (var gy = 0; gy < H; gy += 20)\n ctx.fillRect(gx, gy, 1, 1);\n\n \/\/ Layout\n var cx = W * 0.46, cy = H * 0.42;\n var aScale = Math.sqrt(state.area \/ 100);\n var pH = Math.min(H * 0.42, 220) * Math.min(aScale, 1.8);\n var pW = 14;\n var sNorm = (state.sep - 1) \/ 19;\n var sepPx = 80 + sNorm * (Math.min(W * 0.36, 280) - 80);\n var lx = cx - sepPx \/ 2;\n var rx = cx + sepPx \/ 2;\n var pT = cy - pH \/ 2;\n var pB = cy + pH \/ 2;\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 BATTERY \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var bx = Math.max(52, W * 0.07), by = cy, bW = 40, bH = 64;\n\n if (isConnected) {\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0,0,0,0.35)';\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2 + 3, by - bH \/ 2 + 3, bW, bH, 5); ctx.fill();\n var bGrad = ctx.createLinearGradient(bx - bW \/ 2, by, bx + bW \/ 2, by);\n bGrad.addColorStop(0, '#374151'); bGrad.addColorStop(0.3, '#4b5563');\n bGrad.addColorStop(0.7, '#4b5563'); bGrad.addColorStop(1, '#374151');\n ctx.fillStyle = bGrad;\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2, by - bH \/ 2, bW, bH, 5); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#6b7280'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2, by - bH \/ 2, bW, bH, 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#d97706';\n rRect(ctx, bx - 7, by - bH \/ 2 - 8, 14, 10, 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#b45309'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, bx - 7, by - bH \/ 2 - 8, 14, 10, 2); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#6b7280';\n rRect(ctx, bx - 5, by + bH \/ 2 - 2, 10, 8, 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.font = 'bold 18px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('+', bx, by - bH \/ 2 - 20);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#60a5fa'; ctx.font = 'bold 20px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('\\u2212', bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 20);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#fbbf24'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px monospace';\n ctx.fillText(state.volt.toFixed(1) + 'V', bx, by);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.4)'; ctx.font = '10px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('Bater\\u00EDa', bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 38);\n } else {\n \/\/ Bater\u00eda desconectada: dibujar en gris\n ctx.globalAlpha = 0.35;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0,0,0,0.35)';\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2 + 3, by - bH \/ 2 + 3, bW, bH, 5); ctx.fill();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#374151';\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2, by - bH \/ 2, bW, bH, 5); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#4b5563'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n rRect(ctx, bx - bW \/ 2, by - bH \/ 2, bW, bH, 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#555';\n rRect(ctx, bx - 7, by - bH \/ 2 - 8, 14, 10, 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.fillStyle = '#555';\n rRect(ctx, bx - 5, by + bH \/ 2 - 2, 10, 8, 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillStyle = '#666'; ctx.font = 'bold 18px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('+', bx, by - bH \/ 2 - 20);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#666'; ctx.font = 'bold 20px sans-serif';\n ctx.fillText('\\u2212', bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 20);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#777'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px monospace';\n ctx.fillText('0.0V', bx, by);\n ctx.globalAlpha = 1;\n\n \/\/ Etiqueta desconectada\n ctx.fillStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.font = 'bold 10px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('DESCONECTADA', bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 38);\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 WIRES \u2500\u2500\u2500\n ctx.strokeStyle = isConnected ? '#9ca3af' : '#4b5563';\n ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;\n ctx.lineCap = 'round'; ctx.lineJoin = 'round';\n var wTopY = pT - 35, wBotY = pB + 35;\n\n \/\/ Puntos de conexi\u00f3n del switch en el cable superior\n var swGapX1 = bx + 28, swGapX2 = bx + 48;\n var swY = wTopY;\n\n if (isConnected) {\n \/\/ Cable superior completo: Battery+ \u2192 up \u2192 switch closed \u2192 right plate\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(bx, by - bH \/ 2 - 8); ctx.lineTo(bx, wTopY);\n ctx.lineTo(rx + pW \/ 2, wTopY); ctx.lineTo(rx + pW \/ 2, pT); ctx.stroke();\n } else {\n \/\/ Cable superior con GAP del switch abierto\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(bx, by - bH \/ 2 - 8); ctx.lineTo(bx, wTopY);\n ctx.lineTo(swGapX1, wTopY); ctx.stroke();\n \/\/ Lado derecho del gap\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(swGapX2, wTopY);\n ctx.lineTo(rx + pW \/ 2, wTopY); ctx.lineTo(rx + pW \/ 2, pT); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Dibujar switch abierto\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(swGapX1, swY); ctx.lineTo(swGapX2, swY - 14); ctx.stroke();\n \/\/ Contactos del switch\n ctx.fillStyle = '#9ca3af';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(swGapX1, swY, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(swGapX2, swY, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n \/\/ Etiqueta\n ctx.fillStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.font = 'bold 9px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n ctx.fillText('ABIERTO', (swGapX1 + swGapX2) \/ 2, swY - 16);\n }\n\n \/\/ Cable inferior: Battery\u2212 \u2192 down \u2192 right \u2192 left plate\n ctx.strokeStyle = isConnected ? '#9ca3af' : '#4b5563';\n ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(bx, by + bH \/ 2 + 6); ctx.lineTo(bx, wBotY);\n ctx.lineTo(lx - pW \/ 2, wBotY); ctx.lineTo(lx - pW \/ 2, pB); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Wire connection dots\n ctx.fillStyle = isConnected ? '#9ca3af' : '#4b5563';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(rx + pW \/ 2, pT, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(lx - pW \/ 2, pB, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 ANIMATED CURRENT DOTS \u2014 ANTICLOCKWISE (solo si conectado) \u2500\u2500\u2500\n if (isConnected && state.volt > 0.01) {\n var dotAlpha = Math.min(0.8, state.volt \/ 4);\n var speed = t * 60;\n function drawDots(segs, count) {\n var totalLen = 0;\n var segLens = segs.map(function(s) { var l = Math.hypot(s.ex - s.sx, s.ey - s.sy); totalLen += l; return l; });\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(251,191,36,' + dotAlpha + ')';\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {\n var prog = ((speed + i * totalLen \/ count) % totalLen);\n var acc = 0;\n for (var si = 0; si < segs.length; si++) {\n if (prog <= segLens[si] + acc + 0.01) {\n var p = (prog - acc) \/ segLens[si];\n var ddx = segs[si].sx + p * (segs[si].ex - segs[si].sx);\n var ddy = segs[si].sy + p * (segs[si].ey - segs[si].sy);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(ddx, ddy, 2.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n break;\n }\n acc += segLens[si];\n }\n }\n }\n \/\/ Top wire: right plate \u2192 up \u2192 left \u2192 down to Battery+ (electrons go left = antihorario)\n var topSegs = [\n { sx: rx + pW \/ 2, sy: pT, ex: rx + pW \/ 2, ey: wTopY },\n { sx: rx + pW \/ 2, sy: wTopY, ex: bx, ey: wTopY },\n { sx: bx, sy: wTopY, ex: bx, ey: by - bH \/ 2 - 8 },\n ];\n \/\/ Bottom wire: Battery\u2212 \u2192 down \u2192 right \u2192 up to left plate (electrons go right = antihorario)\n var botSegs = [\n { sx: bx, sy: by + bH \/ 2 + 6, ex: bx, ey: wBotY },\n { sx: bx, sy: wBotY, ex: lx - pW \/ 2, ey: wBotY },\n { sx: lx - pW \/ 2, sy: wBotY, ex: lx - pW \/ 2, ey: pB },\n ];\n drawDots(topSegs, 5);\n drawDots(botSegs, 5);\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 PLATES \u2014 ANTICLOCKWISE: RIGHT=positive, LEFT=negative \u2500\u2500\u2500\n function drawPlate(x, isPos) {\n var depth = 6;\n ctx.fillStyle = '#374151';\n if (isPos) ctx.fillRect(x + pW \/ 2, pT + depth, depth, pH);\n else ctx.fillRect(x - pW \/ 2 - depth, pT + depth, depth, pH);\n var g = ctx.createLinearGradient(x - pW \/ 2, 0, x + pW \/ 2, 0);\n g.addColorStop(0, '#4b5563'); g.addColorStop(0.2, '#8b95a3');\n g.addColorStop(0.5, '#b0b8c4'); g.addColorStop(0.8, '#8b95a3');\n g.addColorStop(1, '#4b5563');\n ctx.fillStyle = g; ctx.fillRect(x - pW \/ 2, pT, pW, pH);\n var glowX = isPos ? x - pW \/ 2 : x + pW \/ 2;\n var glowG = ctx.createLinearGradient(glowX, pT, glowX + (isPos ? -8 : 8), pT);\n glowG.addColorStop(0, isPos ? 'rgba(239,68,68,0.30)' : 'rgba(96,165,250,0.30)');\n glowG.addColorStop(1, 'transparent');\n ctx.fillStyle = glowG;\n ctx.fillRect(isPos ? x - pW \/ 2 : x + pW \/ 2 - 8, pT, 8, pH);\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#6b7280'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n ctx.strokeRect(x - pW \/ 2, pT, pW, pH);\n }\n drawPlate(rx, true); \/\/ Right plate = POSITIVE\n drawPlate(lx, false); \/\/ Left plate = NEGATIVE\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 DIELECTRIC \u2500\u2500\u2500\n if (frac > 0.005) {\n var dW = sepPx * frac;\n var dX = lx + pW \/ 2;\n var dPad = 4;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0,0,0,0.15)';\n ctx.fillRect(dX + 3, pT + dPad + 3, dW, pH - dPad * 2);\n var dG = ctx.createLinearGradient(dX, pT, dX + dW, pT);\n dG.addColorStop(0, ms.fill); dG.addColorStop(0.3, ms.fillHi);\n dG.addColorStop(0.7, ms.fillHi); dG.addColorStop(1, ms.fill);\n ctx.fillStyle = dG;\n ctx.fillRect(dX, pT + dPad, dW, pH - dPad * 2);\n ctx.strokeStyle = ms.border; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.strokeRect(dX, pT + dPad, dW, pH - dPad * 2);\n ctx.save(); ctx.globalAlpha = 0.05; ctx.strokeStyle = '#fff'; ctx.lineWidth = 0.5;\n for (var hx = dX; hx < dX + dW + pH; hx += 10) {\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(hx, pT + dPad); ctx.lineTo(hx - pH * 0.4, pB - dPad); ctx.stroke();\n }\n ctx.restore();\n if (dW > 45) {\n ctx.fillStyle = ms.label; ctx.font = 'bold 12px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n var nm = state.mat === 'custom' ? '\\u03BA = ' + state.kCustom.toFixed(1) : ms.name;\n ctx.fillText(nm, dX + dW \/ 2, pT + dPad - 6);\n }\n var gripX = dX + dW - 3;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.25)';\n for (var gy2 = pT + dPad + 15; gy2 < pB - dPad - 10; gy2 += 12) {\n rRect(ctx, gripX - 4, gy2, 8, 3, 1); ctx.fill();\n }\n \/\/ Polarization\n if (state.showP && effectiveV > 0.01) {\n var sp = 20, dLen = 9;\n var sX = dX + sp \/ 2 + 5, eX = dX + dW - sp \/ 2 - 5;\n for (var dx = sX; dx <= eX; dx += sp) {\n for (var dy = pT + dPad + sp; dy < pB - dPad - sp \/ 2; dy += sp) {\n var pulse = Math.sin(t * 2.5 + dx * 0.03 + dy * 0.03) * 0.2;\n var al = Math.min(0.85, effectiveV \/ 3) * (0.55 + pulse);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(96,165,250,' + al + ')';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(dx + dLen \/ 2, dy, 2.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(239,68,68,' + al + ')';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(dx - dLen \/ 2, dy, 2.5, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,' + (al * 0.35) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 0.8;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(dx + dLen \/ 2, dy); ctx.lineTo(dx - dLen \/ 2, dy); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(239,68,68,' + (al * 0.6) + ')';\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(dx - dLen \/ 2, dy);\n ctx.lineTo(dx - dLen \/ 2 + 3.5, dy - 2.5);\n ctx.lineTo(dx - dLen \/ 2 + 3.5, dy + 2.5);\n ctx.closePath(); ctx.fill();\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 ELECTRIC FIELD VISUALIZATIONS \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var innerL = lx + pW \/ 2, innerR = rx - pW \/ 2;\n var gapPx = innerR - innerL;\n \/\/ Normalizamos los campos para la visualizaci\u00f3n\n var maxEfield = Math.max(ph.E0, 1);\n var e0Norm = Math.min(1, ph.E0 \/ maxEfield);\n var eNorm = Math.min(1, ph.E \/ maxEfield);\n var eiNorm = Math.min(1, ph.Ei \/ maxEfield);\n\n if (effectiveV > 0.01) {\n var nLines = Math.max(4, Math.round(8 * Math.min(1.2, ph.E0 \/ 600)));\n var lSp = pH \/ (nLines + 1);\n var dielectricEnd = innerL + sepPx * frac;\n var vacuumStart = dielectricEnd;\n\n \/\/ E\u2080: Campo de las cargas libres (cyan, \u2192)\n if (state.showE0) {\n for (var i = 1; i <= nLines; i++) {\n var y = pT + i * lSp;\n var e0Alpha = Math.min(0.7, ph.E0 \/ 400);\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(34,211,238,' + (e0Alpha * 0.4) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n ctx.setLineDash([6, 3]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(innerL + 3, y); ctx.lineTo(innerR - 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n var nA = Math.max(1, Math.floor(gapPx \/ 60));\n for (var a = 0; a < nA; a++) {\n var ax = innerL + (a + 0.5) * gapPx \/ nA;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax, y, 8, 'rgba(34,211,238,' + e0Alpha + ')', 1);\n }\n }\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(34,211,238,0.8)'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('E\\u2080 \\u2192', rx + pW \/ 2 + 14, pT + lSp * 0.5);\n }\n\n \/\/ E\u1d62: Campo inducido (red, \u2190 in dielectric)\n if (state.showEi && frac > 0.005 && k > 1.01) {\n var eiStrength = 1 - 1 \/ ph.kEff;\n var nEiLines = Math.max(3, Math.round(nLines * Math.min(1, frac * 1.5)));\n var eiSp = (pH * Math.min(1, frac * 1.5)) \/ (nEiLines + 1);\n var eiOffset = pT + pH * (1 - Math.min(1, frac * 1.5)) \/ 2;\n for (var i = 1; i <= nEiLines; i++) {\n var y = eiOffset + i * eiSp;\n var eiAlpha = Math.min(0.7, ph.Ei \/ 400);\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(248,113,113,' + (eiAlpha * 0.5) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n ctx.setLineDash([4, 4]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(dielectricEnd - 3, y); ctx.lineTo(innerL + 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n var dLen2 = (dielectricEnd - innerL);\n if (dLen2 > 30) {\n var nA2 = Math.max(1, Math.floor(dLen2 \/ 55));\n for (var a2 = 0; a2 < nA2; a2++) {\n var ax2 = innerL + (a2 + 0.5) * dLen2 \/ nA2;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax2, y, 7, 'rgba(248,113,113,' + eiAlpha + ')', -1);\n }\n }\n }\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(248,113,113,0.8)'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('E\\u1D62 \\u2190', rx + pW \/ 2 + 14, pT + lSp * 1.2);\n }\n\n \/\/ E: Campo resultante (green, \u2192)\n if (state.showEr) {\n for (var i = 1; i <= nLines; i++) {\n var y = pT + i * lSp;\n var erAlpha = Math.min(0.8, ph.E \/ 300);\n if (frac > 0.005 && k > 1.01) {\n var reducedAlpha = Math.min(0.8, (ph.E0 \/ k) \/ 300);\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,' + (reducedAlpha * 0.5) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(innerL + 3, y); ctx.lineTo(dielectricEnd - 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n var dLen3 = dielectricEnd - innerL;\n if (dLen3 > 30) {\n var nA3 = Math.max(1, Math.floor(dLen3 \/ 55));\n for (var a3 = 0; a3 < nA3; a3++) {\n var ax3 = innerL + (a3 + 0.5) * dLen3 \/ nA3;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax3, y, 8, 'rgba(74,222,128,' + reducedAlpha + ')', 1);\n }\n }\n }\n if (frac < 0.995) {\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,' + (erAlpha * 0.5) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(vacuumStart + 3, y); ctx.lineTo(innerR - 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n var vLen = innerR - vacuumStart;\n if (vLen > 30) {\n var nA4 = Math.max(1, Math.floor(vLen \/ 55));\n for (var a4 = 0; a4 < nA4; a4++) {\n var ax4 = vacuumStart + (a4 + 0.5) * vLen \/ nA4;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax4, y, 8, 'rgba(74,222,128,' + erAlpha + ')', 1);\n }\n }\n }\n if (frac < 0.005) {\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,' + (erAlpha * 0.5) + ')'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(innerL + 3, y); ctx.lineTo(innerR - 3, y); ctx.stroke();\n var nA5 = Math.max(1, Math.floor(gapPx \/ 55));\n for (var a5 = 0; a5 < nA5; a5++) {\n var ax5 = innerL + (a5 + 0.5) * gapPx \/ nA5;\n drawFieldArrow(ctx, ax5, y, 8, 'rgba(74,222,128,' + erAlpha + ')', 1);\n }\n }\n }\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,0.9)'; ctx.font = 'bold 12px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('E \\u2192', rx + pW \/ 2 + 14, pT + lSp * 1.9);\n }\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 CHARGES ON PLATES \u2500\u2500\u2500\n if (state.showQ && effectiveV > 0.01) {\n var qNorm = Math.abs(ph.Q) \/ 1e-10;\n var qN = Math.min(20, Math.max(4, Math.round(4 + 12 * Math.min(1, qNorm \/ 3))));\n var qSp = pH \/ (qN + 1);\n for (var i = 1; i <= qN; i++) {\n var y = pT + i * qSp;\n var pulse = Math.sin(t * 2 + i * 0.4) * 0.12;\n drawCharge(ctx, rx - pW \/ 2 - 1, y, true, 0.85 + pulse, 6);\n drawCharge(ctx, lx + pW \/ 2 + 1, y, false, 0.85 + pulse, 6);\n }\n ctx.save();\n ctx.font = 'bold 11px monospace';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(239,68,68,0.9)';\n var qLabel = 'Q = ' + fmt(ph.Q, 'C');\n ctx.fillText('+ ' + qLabel, rx, pB + 16);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(96,165,250,0.9)';\n ctx.fillText('\\u2212 ' + qLabel, lx, pB + 16);\n ctx.restore();\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 DIMENSION LABELS \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var dimY = pB + 38;\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.25)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.setLineDash([]);\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(lx, dimY - 5); ctx.lineTo(lx, dimY + 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(rx, dimY - 5); ctx.lineTo(rx, dimY + 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(lx, dimY); ctx.lineTo(rx, dimY); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.25)';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(lx + 7, dimY); ctx.lineTo(lx, dimY - 3); ctx.lineTo(lx, dimY + 3); ctx.closePath(); ctx.fill();\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(rx - 7, dimY); ctx.lineTo(rx, dimY - 3); ctx.lineTo(rx, dimY + 3); ctx.closePath(); ctx.fill();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.5)'; ctx.font = '11px monospace';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top';\n ctx.fillText('d = ' + state.sep + ' mm', cx, dimY + 8);\n ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n ctx.fillText('A = ' + state.area + ' cm\\u00B2', cx, pT - 38);\n ctx.font = 'bold 16px sans-serif'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(96,165,250,0.75)'; ctx.fillText('\\u2212', lx, pT - 12);\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(239,68,68,0.75)'; ctx.fillText('+', rx, pT - 12);\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 VOLTMETRO \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var vmCx = cx, vmCy = pT - 80;\n var vmR = 28;\n \/\/ Cables del volt\u00edmetro a las placas\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(251,146,60,0.5)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;\n ctx.setLineDash([4, 3]);\n \/\/ Cable desde placa derecha (+) al volt\u00edmetro\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(rx, pT - 12); ctx.lineTo(rx, vmCy); ctx.lineTo(vmCx + vmR + 4, vmCy); ctx.stroke();\n \/\/ Cable desde placa izquierda (\u2212) al volt\u00edmetro\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(lx, pT - 12); ctx.lineTo(lx, vmCy); ctx.lineTo(vmCx - vmR - 4, vmCy); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.setLineDash([]);\n\n \/\/ C\u00edrculo del volt\u00edmetro\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.9)';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(vmCx, vmCy, vmR, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#f97316'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(vmCx, vmCy, vmR, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Escala arco del volt\u00edmetro (de -130\u00b0 a -50\u00b0)\n var arcStart = -130 * Math.PI \/ 180, arcEnd = -50 * Math.PI \/ 180;\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.15)'; ctx.lineWidth = 3;\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(vmCx, vmCy, vmR - 6, arcStart, arcEnd); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Marcas de escala\n for (var mk = 0; mk <= 10; mk++) {\n var mkAngle = arcStart + (arcEnd - arcStart) * mk \/ 10;\n var mkInner = vmR - 10, mkOuter = vmR - 5;\n ctx.strokeStyle = mk % 5 === 0 ? 'rgba(255,255,255,0.5)' : 'rgba(255,255,255,0.2)';\n ctx.lineWidth = mk % 5 === 0 ? 1.5 : 0.8;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(vmCx + Math.cos(mkAngle) * mkInner, vmCy + Math.sin(mkAngle) * mkInner);\n ctx.lineTo(vmCx + Math.cos(mkAngle) * mkOuter, vmCy + Math.sin(mkAngle) * mkOuter);\n ctx.stroke();\n }\n\n \/\/ Aguja del volt\u00edmetro\n var vPct = Math.min(1, effectiveV \/ 10);\n var needleAngle = arcStart + (arcEnd - arcStart) * vPct;\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#ef4444'; ctx.lineWidth = 2;\n ctx.beginPath();\n ctx.moveTo(vmCx, vmCy);\n ctx.lineTo(vmCx + Math.cos(needleAngle) * (vmR - 8), vmCy + Math.sin(needleAngle) * (vmR - 8));\n ctx.stroke();\n \/\/ Centro de la aguja\n ctx.fillStyle = '#f97316';\n ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(vmCx, vmCy, 3, 0, Math.PI * 2); ctx.fill();\n\n \/\/ S\u00edmbolo V dentro del c\u00edrculo\n ctx.fillStyle = '#f97316'; ctx.font = 'bold 11px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n ctx.fillText('V', vmCx, vmCy + 12);\n\n \/\/ Lectura digital del volt\u00edmetro \u2014 arriba a la derecha del circuito\n var vmReadX = rx + pW \/ 2 + 20, vmReadY = vmCy - vmR - 4;\n var vmReadW = 78, vmReadH = 38;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.92)';\n rRect(ctx, vmReadX, vmReadY, vmReadW, vmReadH, 5); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = '#f97316'; ctx.lineWidth = 1.2;\n rRect(ctx, vmReadX, vmReadY, vmReadW, vmReadH, 5); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.4)'; ctx.font = '8px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top';\n ctx.fillText('Volt\\u00EDmetro', vmReadX + vmReadW \/ 2, vmReadY + 3);\n ctx.fillStyle = '#fbbf24'; ctx.font = 'bold 13px monospace';\n ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';\n ctx.fillText(effectiveV.toFixed(2) + ' V', vmReadX + vmReadW \/ 2, vmReadY + vmReadH - 4);\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 MEDICIONES PANEL (central canvas) \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var mX = W - 220, mY = 14, mW = 205, mHs = 22, mHl = 30, mSpS = 27, mSpL = 35;\n var maxC = 100 * EPSILON_0 * (500 \/ 10000) \/ (1 \/ 1000);\n var maxQ = maxC * 10;\n var maxU = 0.5 * maxC * 100;\n var maxE = 10000;\n\n \/\/ Calculate total panel height\n var totalRows = 8;\n var panelH = mSpS * 4 + mSpL * 3 + mSpS + 20;\n\n \/\/ Panel background\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.8)';\n rRect(ctx, mX - 8, mY - 8, mW + 16, panelH, 8); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.1)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, mX - 8, mY - 8, mW + 16, panelH, 8); ctx.stroke();\n\n \/\/ Title\n ctx.fillStyle = isConnected ? '#10b981' : '#ef4444';\n ctx.font = 'bold 11px sans-serif';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top';\n ctx.fillText(isConnected ? 'MEDICIONES' : 'MEDICIONES (Q=cte)', mX + 2, mY - 4);\n\n var rowY = mY + 10;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, Math.min(1, ph.C \/ maxC), '#22c55e', 'C', fmt(ph.C, 'F')); rowY += mSpS;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, Math.min(1, Math.abs(ph.Q) \/ maxQ), '#eab308', 'Q', fmt(ph.Q, 'C')); rowY += mSpS;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, Math.min(1, ph.U \/ maxU), '#a855f7', 'U', fmt(ph.U, 'J')); rowY += mSpS;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, effectiveV \/ 10, '#f97316', 'V', effectiveV.toFixed(2) + ' V'); rowY += mSpS;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHl, Math.min(1, ph.E0 \/ maxE), '#22d3ee', 'E\\u2080', fmtE(ph.E0), 'Campo de cargas libres'); rowY += mSpL;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHl, Math.min(1, ph.Ei \/ maxE), '#f87171', 'E\\u1D62', fmtE(ph.Ei), 'Campo el\\u00E9c. inducido'); rowY += mSpL;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHl, Math.min(1, ph.E \/ maxE), '#4ade80', 'E', fmtE(ph.E), 'Campo el\\u00E9c. resultante'); rowY += mSpL;\n drawMeterBar(ctx, mX, rowY, mW, mHs, Math.min(1, (ph.kEff - 1) \/ 99), '#60a5fa', 'Ke', ph.kEff.toFixed(4));\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 FIELD LEGEND \u2500\u2500\u2500\n if (effectiveV > 0.01) {\n var legX = 12, legY = H - 100;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.75)';\n rRect(ctx, legX, legY, 220, 90, 6); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.08)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, legX, legY, 220, 90, 6); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.font = 'bold 11px sans-serif'; ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n if (state.showE0) { ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(34,211,238,0.9)'; ctx.fillText('\\u2192 E\\u2080 = ' + fmtE(ph.E0) + ' (vac\\u00EDo)', legX + 10, legY + 18); }\n if (state.showEi) { ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(248,113,113,0.9)'; ctx.fillText('\\u2190 E\\u1D62 = ' + fmtE(ph.Ei) + ' (inducido)', legX + 10, legY + 45); }\n if (state.showEr) { ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(74,222,128,0.9)'; ctx.fillText('\\u2192 E = ' + fmtE(ph.E) + ' (resultante)', legX + 10, legY + 72); }\n }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 FORMULA BAR \u2500\u2500\u2500\n var fY = H - 50;\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(15,23,42,0.75)';\n rRect(ctx, 8, fY, W - 16, 42, 6); ctx.fill();\n ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.08)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;\n rRect(ctx, 8, fY, W - 16, 42, 6); ctx.stroke();\n ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.5)'; ctx.font = '11px monospace';\n ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';\n var formulas;\n if (isConnected) {\n formulas = [\n 'C = ' + fmt(ph.C, 'F'),\n 'Q = ' + fmt(ph.Q, 'C'),\n 'E\\u2080 = ' + fmtE(ph.E0),\n 'E\\u1D62 = ' + fmtE(ph.Ei),\n 'E = ' + fmtE(ph.E),\n ];\n } else {\n formulas = [\n 'C = ' + fmt(ph.C, 'F'),\n 'Q = ' + fmt(ph.Q, 'C') + ' (cte)',\n 'V = ' + effectiveV.toFixed(2) + ' V',\n 'E\\u2080 = ' + fmtE(ph.E0),\n 'E = ' + fmtE(ph.E),\n ];\n }\n var fSpacing = (W - 32) \/ formulas.length;\n formulas.forEach(function(f, idx) { ctx.fillText(f, 18 + idx * fSpacing, fY + 21); });\n}\n\n\/\/ \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n\/\/ INIT\n\/\/ \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n(function init() {\n var canvas = document.getElementById('simCanvas');\n var wrap = document.getElementById('canvasWrap');\n var batSwitch = document.getElementById('batSwitch');\n var batStatus = document.getElementById('batStatus');\n var voltSlider = document.getElementById('voltSlider');\n var voltSliderWrap = document.getElementById('voltSliderWrap');\n\n function resize() {\n var r = wrap.getBoundingClientRect();\n var dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;\n canvas.width = r.width * dpr;\n canvas.height = r.height * dpr;\n canvas.style.width = r.width + 'px';\n canvas.style.height = r.height + 'px';\n var c = canvas.getContext('2d');\n if (c) c.scale(dpr, dpr);\n }\n\n resize();\n window.addEventListener('resize', resize);\n if (typeof ResizeObserver !== 'undefined') { new ResizeObserver(resize).observe(wrap); }\n\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500\u2500 INTERRUPTOR DE BATER\u00cdA \u2500\u2500\u2500\n batSwitch.addEventListener('change', function() {\n if (this.checked) {\n \/\/ Reconectar: V vuelve al valor de la bater\u00eda, Q se recalcula\n state.connected = true;\n batStatus.textContent = 'CONECTADA';\n batStatus.className = 'switch-status on';\n voltSlider.disabled = false;\n voltSliderWrap.style.opacity = '1';\n } else {\n \/\/ Desconectar: bloquear Q actual\n var ph = calcPhysics();\n state.connected = false;\n state.lockedQ = ph.Q;\n state.lockedV = ph.V;\n batStatus.textContent = 'DESCONECTADA';\n batStatus.className = 'switch-status off';\n voltSlider.disabled = true;\n voltSliderWrap.style.opacity = '0.4';\n }\n });\n\n var sliders = {\n sepSlider: { key: 'sep', display: 'sepVal', suffix: ' mm', decimals: 0 },\n areaSlider: { key: 'area', display: 'areaVal', suffix: ' cm\\u00B2', decimals: 0 },\n voltSlider: { key: 'volt', display: 'voltVal', suffix: ' V', decimals: 1 },\n kCustomSlider: { key: 'kCustom', display: 'kCustomVal', suffix: '', decimals: 1 },\n dPosSlider: { key: 'dPos', display: 'dPosVal', suffix: '%', decimals: 0 },\n };\n\n Object.keys(sliders).forEach(function(id) {\n var el = document.getElementById(id);\n if (!el) return;\n var cfg = sliders[id];\n el.addEventListener('input', function() {\n state[cfg.key] = parseFloat(this.value);\n var val = cfg.decimals > 0 ? state[cfg.key].toFixed(cfg.decimals) : state[cfg.key];\n document.getElementById(cfg.display).textContent = val + cfg.suffix;\n });\n });\n\n document.getElementById('matSelect').addEventListener('change', function() {\n state.mat = this.value;\n document.getElementById('customKappaWrap').style.display = this.value === 'custom' ? 'block' : 'none';\n });\n\n var checks = { chkQ: 'showQ', chkP: 'showP', chkE0: 'showE0', chkEi: 'showEi', chkEr: 'showEr' };\n Object.keys(checks).forEach(function(id) {\n var el = document.getElementById(id);\n if (!el) return;\n el.addEventListener('change', function() { state[checks[id]] = this.checked; });\n });\n\n var startTime = performance.now();\n function loop() {\n var t = (performance.now() - startTime) \/ 1000;\n var c = canvas.getContext('2d');\n if (c) {\n var dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;\n c.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0);\n draw(c, canvas.width \/ dpr, canvas.height \/ dpr, t);\n }\n requestAnimationFrame(loop);\n }\n requestAnimationFrame(loop);\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Laboratorio de Capacitores \u2014 Diel\u00e9ctrico Laboratorio de Capacitores \u2014 Diel\u00e9ctrico Controles Bater\u00eda CONECTADA Separaci\u00f3n de placas (d) 5 mm \u00c1rea de placas (A) 100 cm\u00b2…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6866","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n<title>capacitores_diel\u00e9ctricos - 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